Introduction xxiv
Part I LAN Switching
Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics 3
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 3
Foundation Topics 8
Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex 8
RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring 8
Autonegotiation, Speed, and Duplex 9
CSMA/CD 10
Collision Domains and Switch Buffering 10
Basic Switch Port Configuration 11
Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing 14
Types of Ethernet Addresses 16
Ethernet Address Formats 17
Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field 18
Switching and Bridging Logic 19
SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN 22
Core Concepts of SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN 23
Restrictions and Conditions 24
Basic SPAN Configuration 26
Complex SPAN Configuration 26
RSPAN Configuration 26
ERSPAN Configuration 27
Virtual Switch System 28
Virtual Switching System 29
VSS Active and VSS Standby Switch 30
Virtual Switch Link 30
Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC) 31
Basic VSS Configuration 31
VSS Verification Procedures 35
IOS-XE 38
Foundation Summary 41
Memory Builders 44
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 44
Definitions 44
Further Reading 45
Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking 47
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 47
Foundation Topics 51
Virtual LANs 51
VLAN Configuration 51
Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs 52
Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs 55
Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs 56
Modifying the Operational State of VLANs 57
Private VLANs 60
VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q 69
ISL and 802.1Q Concepts 69
ISL and 802.1Q Configuration 71
Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs 76
Trunk Configuration Compatibility 76
Configuring Trunking on Routers 77
802.1Q-in-Q Tunneling 79
VLAN Trunking Protocol 83
VTP Process and Revision Numbers 86
VTP Configuration 89
Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs 94
Storing VLAN Configuration 94
Configuring PPPoE 96
Foundation Summary 99
Memory Builders 101
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 101
Definitions 101
Further Reading 101
Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol 103
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 103
Foundation Topics 107
802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol and Improvements 107
Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root Ports and Designated Ports 109
Electing a Root Switch 110
Determining the Root Port 111
Determining the Designated Port 113
Converging to a New STP Topology 115
Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM 117
Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding 119
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks 119
STP Configuration and Analysis 124
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 128
New Port Roles, States and Types, and New Link Types 128
Changes to BPDU Format and Handling 132
Proposal/Agreement Process in RSTP 133
Topology Change Handling in RSTP 136
Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (RPVST+) 137
Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s 137
MST Principles of Operation 138
Interoperability Between MST and Other STP Versions 141
MST Configuration 144
Protecting and Optimizing STP 148
PortFast Ports 148
Root Guard, BPDU Guard, and BPDU Filter: Protecting Access Ports 149
Protecting Against Unidirectional Link Issues 151
Configuring and Troubleshooting EtherChannels 154
Load Balancing Across Port-Channels 154
Port-Channel Discovery and Configuration 157
Troubleshooting Complex Layer 2 Issues 161
Layer 2 Troubleshooting Process 162
Layer 2 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 163
Troubleshooting Using Cisco Discovery Protocol 163
Troubleshooting Using Link Layer Discovery Protocol 165
Troubleshooting Using Basic Interface Statistics 167
Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol 170
Troubleshooting Trunking 171
Troubleshooting VTP 172
Troubleshooting EtherChannels 174
Approaches to Resolving Layer 2 Issues 175
Foundation Summary 177
Memory Builders 179
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 179
Definitions 179
Further Reading 179
Part II IP Networking
Chapter 4 IP Addressing 183
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 183
Foundation Topics 187
IP Operation 187
TCP Operation 187
UDP Operation 188
IP Addressing and Subnetting 188
IP Addressing and Subnetting Review 188
Subnetting a Classful Network Number 189
Comments on Classless Addressing 191
Subnetting Math 192
Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address 192
Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses-Binary 193
Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range of IP Addresses 194
Determining All Subnets of a Network-Binary 196
Determining All Subnets of a Network-Decimal 198
VLSM Subnet Allocation 200
Route Summarization Concepts 201
Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Binary 202
Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Decimal 203
Finding Exclusive Summary Routes-Binary 204
CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT 205
Classless Interdomain Routing 206
Private Addressing 207
Network Address Translation 207
Static NAT 209
Dynamic NAT Without PAT 210
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation 211
Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration 212
IPv6 214
IPv6 Address Format 215
Network Prefix 215
IPv6 Address Types 216
Address Management and Assignment 216
Static Configuration 217
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 217
Stateful DHCPv6 217
Stateless DHCP 218
IPv6 Transition Technologies 218
Dual Stack 218
Tunneling 219
Translation 220
Foundation Summary 221
Memory Builders 225
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 225
Definitions 225
Further Reading 225
Chapter 5 IP Services 227
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 227
Foundation Topics 232
ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 232
ARP and Proxy ARP 232
RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 233
DHCP 234
HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP 236
Network Time Protocol 240
SNMP 241
SNMP Protocol Messages 243
SNMP MIBs 244
SNMP Security 245
Syslog 245
Web Cache Communication Protocol 246
Implementing the Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreement (IP SLA) Feature 249
Implementing NetFlow 250
Implementing Router IP Traffic Export 252
Implementing Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager 253
Implementing Remote Monitoring 254
Implementing and Using FTP on a Router 255
Implementing a TFTP Server on a Router 256
Implementing Secure Copy Protocol 257
Implementing HTTP and HTTPS Access 257
Implementing Telnet Access 258
Implementing SSH Access 258
Foundation Summary 259
Memory Builders 264
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 264
Definitions 264
Further Reading 264
Part III IP IGP Routing
Chapter 6 IP Forwarding (Routing) 267
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 267
Foundation Topics 271
IP Forwarding 271
Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding 272
Load Sharing with CEF and Related Issues 282
Multilayer Switching 286
MLS Logic 286
Using Routed Ports and Port-channels with MLS 287
MLS Configuration 291
Policy Routing 296
Routing Protocol Changes and Migration 299
Planning the Migration Strategy 300
Activating New IGP While Keeping the Current IGP Intact 300
Verifying New IGP Adjacencies and Working Database Contents 301
Deactivating Current IGP 301
Removing New IGP's Temporary Settings 303
Specifics of Distance-Vector Protocols in IGP Migration 303
Foundation Summary 309
Memory Builders 310
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 310
Definitions 310
Further Reading 310
Chapter 7 RIPv2 and RIPng 313
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 313
Foundation Topics 316
Introduction to Dynamic Routing 316
RIPv2 Basics 318
RIPv2 Convergence and Loop Prevention 320
Converged Steady-State Operation 327
Triggered (Flash) Updates and Poisoned Routes 328
RIPv2 Convergence When Routing Updates Cease 331
Convergence Extras 334
RIPv2 Configuration 334
Enabling RIPv2 and the Effects of Autosummarization 335
RIPv2 Authentication 337
RIPv2 Next-Hop Feature and Split Horizon 338
RIPv2 Offset Lists 338
Route Filtering with Distribute Lists and Prefix Lists 338
RIPng for IPv6 339
Foundation Summary 342
Memory Builders 345
Definitions 345
Further Reading 345
Chapter 8 EIGRP 347
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 347
Foundation Topics 356
EIGRP Basics and Evolution 356
EIGRP Roots: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 357
Moving from IGRP to Enhanced IGRP 358
EIGRP Metrics, Packets, and Adjacencies 360
EIGRP Classic Metrics 360
Bandwidth Metric Component 361
Delay Metric Component 361
Reliability Metric Component 362
Load Metric Component 362
MTU Metric Component 363
Hop Count Metric Component 363
Calculating the Composite Metric 363
EIGRP Wide Metrics 364
Tweaking Interface Metrics to Influence Path Selection 368
EIGRP Packet Format 368
EIGRP Packets 371
EIGRP Packets in Action 371
Hello Packets 372
Acknowledgment Packets 372
Update Packets 373
Query Packet 374
Reply Packets 374
SIA-Query and SIA-Reply Packets 374
Reliable Transport Protocol 374
Router Adjacencies 376
Diffusing Update Algorithm 380
Topology Table 380
Computed, Reported, and Feasible Distances, and Feasibility Condition 384
Local and Diffusing Computations in EIGRP 391
DUAL FSM 397
Stuck-In-Active State 402
EIGRP Named Mode 410
Address Family Section 414
Per-AF-Interface Configuration Section 415
Per-AF-Topology Configuration Section 416
Additional and Advanced EIGRP Features 417
Router ID 417
Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 420
Add-Path Support 421
Stub Routing 423
Route Summarization 427
Passive Interfaces 431
Graceful Shutdown 432
Securing EIGRP with Authentication 432
Default Routing Using EIGRP 435
Split Horizon 436
EIGRP Over the ToP 437
EIGRP Logging and Reporting 443
EIGRP Route Filtering 443
EIGRP Offset Lists 444
Clearing the IP Routing Table 444
Foundation Summary 445
Memory Builders 450
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 450
Definitions 450
Further Reading 450
Chapter 9 OSPF 453
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 453
Foundation Topics 460
OSPF Database Exchange 460
OSPF Router IDs 460
Becoming Neighbors, Exchanging Databases, and Becoming Adjacent 461
OSPF Neighbor States 462
Becoming Neighbors: The Hello Process 464
Transmitting LSA Headers to Neighbors 466
Database Description Exchange: Master/Slave Relationship 466
Requesting, Getting, and Acknowledging LSAs 468
Designated Routers on LANs 469
Designated Router Optimization on LANs 470
DR Election on LANs 471
Designated Routers on WANs and OSPF Network Types 472
Caveats Regarding OSPF Network Types over NBMA Networks 474
Example of OSPF Network Types and NBMA 474
SPF Calculation 479
Steady-State Operation 480
OSPF Design and LSAs 480
OSPF Design Terms 480
OSPF Path Selection Process 482
LSA Types 482
LSA Types 1 and 2 484
LSA Type 3 and Inter-Area Costs 488
LSA Types 4 and 5, and External Route Types 1 and 2 492
OSPF Design in Light of LSA Types 496
Stubby Areas 496
OSPF Path Choices That Do Not Use Cost 502
Choosing the Best Type of Path 502
Best-Path Side Effects of ABR Loop Prevention 502
OSPF Configuration 505
OSPF Costs and Clearing the OSPF Process 507
Alternatives to the OSPF network Command 510
OSPF Filtering 510
Filtering Routes Using the distribute-list Command 511
OSPF ABR LSA Type 3 Filtering 513
Filtering Type 3 LSAs with the area range Command 514
Virtual Link Configuration 515
Configuring Classic OSPF Authentication 517
Configuring Extended Cryptographic OSPF Authentication 520
Protecting OSPF Routers with TTL Security Check 522
Tuning OSPF Performance 523
Tuning the SPF Scheduling with SPF Throttling 524
Tuning the LSA Origination with LSA Throttling 526
Incremental SPF 527
OSPFv2 Prefix Suppression 528
OSPF Stub Router Configuration 529
OSPF Graceful Restart 530
OSPF Graceful Shutdown 532
OSPFv3 533
Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 533
Virtual Links, Address Summarization, and Other OSPFv3 Features 534
OSPFv3 LSA Types 534
OSPFv3 in NBMA Networks 536
Configuring OSPFv3 over Frame Relay 537
Enabling and Configuring OSPFv3 537
OSPFv3 Authentication and Encryption 546
OSPFv3 Address Family Support 548
OSPFv3 Prefix Suppression 552
OSPFv3 Graceful Shutdown 552
Foundation Summary 553
Memory Builders 560
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 560
Definitions 560
Further Reading 561
Chapter 10 IS-IS 563
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 563
Foundation Topics 571
OSI Network Layer and Addressing 572
Levels of Routing in OSI Networks 576
IS-IS Metrics, Levels, and Adjacencies 577
IS-IS Packet Types 579
Hello Packets 579
Link State PDUs 580
Complete and Partial Sequence Numbers PDUs 585
IS-IS Operation over Different Network Types 586
IS-IS Operation over Point-to-Point Links 587
IS-IS Operation over Broadcast Links 592
Areas in IS-IS 598
Authentication in IS-IS 608
IPv6 Support in IS-IS 610
Configuring IS-IS 613
Foundation Summary 625
Memory Builders 629
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 630
Definitions 630
Further Reading 630
Chapter 11 IGP Route Redistribution, Route Summarization, Default Routing, and Troubleshooting 633
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 633
Foundation Topics 638
Route Maps, Prefix Lists, and Administrative Distance 638
Configuring Route Maps with the route-map Command 638
Route Map match Commands for Route Redistribution 640
Route Map set Commands for Route Redistribution 641
IP Prefix Lists 641
Administrative Distance 644
Route Redistribution 645
Mechanics of the redistribute Command 645
Redistribution Using Default Settings 646
Setting Metrics, Metric Types, and Tags 649
Redistributing a Subset of Routes Using a Route Map 650
Mutual Redistribution at Multiple Routers 654
Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Setting the Administrative Distance 656
Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Using Route Tags 659
Using Metrics and Metric Types to Influence Redistributed Routes 661
Route Summarization 663
EIGRP Route Summarization 664
OSPF Route Summarization 665
Default Routes 665
Using Static Routes to 0.0.0.0, with redistribute static 667
Using the default-information originate Command 669
Using the ip default-network Command 670
Using Route Summarization to Create Default Routes 671
Performance Routing (PfR) 672
Performance Routing Operational Phases 673
Performance Routing Concepts 674
Authentication 674
Performance Routing Operational Roles 675
Master Controller (MC) 675
Border Router 676
PfR Basic Configuration 677
Configuration of the Master Controller 677
Configuration of the Border Router 681
Task Completion on R3 682
Troubleshooting Complex Layer 3 Issues 683
Layer 3 Troubleshooting Process 684
Layer 3 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 686
IP Routing Processes 686
Approaches to Resolving Layer 3 Issues 695
Foundation Summary 696
Memory Builders 698
Fill In Key Tables from Memory 698
Definitions 698
Further Reading 698
Part IV Final Preparation
Chapter 12 Final Preparation 701
Tools for Final Preparation 701
Pearson Cert Practice Test Engine and Questions on the CD 701
Install the Software from the CD 701
Activate and Download the Practice Exam 702
Activating Other Exams 702
Premium Edition 703
The Cisco Learning Network 703
Memory Tables 703
Chapter-Ending Review Tools 704
Suggested Plan for Final Review/Study 704
Using the Exam Engine 704
Summary 705
Part V Appendixes
Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes 707
Appendix B CCIE Exam Updates 713
CD-Only
Appendix C Decimal to Binary Conversion Table
Appendix D IP Addressing Practice
Appendix E Key Tables for CCIE Study
Appendix F Solutions for Key Tables for CCIE Study
Appendix G Study Planner
Glossary
9781587143960 TOC 7/22/2014
