PREFACE.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS.
Fiction.
1. READING A STORY.
Fable, Parable, and Tale.
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra.
*Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun.
Chuang Tzu, Independence.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death.
Plot.
The Short Story.
John Updike, A & P.
Writer's Perspective.
John Updike on Writing, Why Write?
Writing Critically.
What's The Plot?
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions For Writing.
2. POINT OF VIEW.
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily.
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart.
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues.
*Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P. O.
Writer's Perspective.
James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African-American Writer.
Writing Critically.
How Point of View Shapes a Story.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
3. CHARACTER.
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall.
Alice Walker, Everyday Use.
Isaac Bashevis Singer, Gimpel the Fool (Translated by Saul Bellow).
Writer's Perspective.
Isaac Bashevis Singer on Writing, The Character of Gimpel.
Writing Critically.
How Character Creates Action.
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
4. SETTING.
Kate Chopin, The Storm.
Jack London, To Build a Fire.
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake.
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets.
Writer's Perspective.
Amy Tan on Writing, Setting the Voice.
Writing Critically.
How Time and Place Set a Story.
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
5.TONE AND STYLE.
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.
William Faulkner, Barn Burning.
Irony.
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace.
*Ha Jin, Saboteur.
Writer's Perspective.
Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style.
Writing Critically.
Be Style Conscious.
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
6. THEME.
Stephen Crane, The Open Boat.
*F. Scott Fitzgerald, Babylon Revisited.
Luke 15: 11-32, The Parable of the Prodigal Son.
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Harrison Bergeron.
Writer's Perspective.
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction.
Writing Critically.
Stating the Theme.
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
7. SYMBOL.
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums.
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery.
*Octavio Paz, My Life with the Wave.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas.
Writer's Perspective.
Ursula K. Le Guin on Writing, On "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas".
Writing Critically.
Recognizing Symbols.
Writing Assignment.
Student Essay, An Analysis of the Symbolism In Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums".
Further Suggestions For Writing.
8. EVALUATING A STORY.
Ralph Lombreglia, Jungle Video.
Writer's Perspective.
Ralph Lombreglia on Writing, Creating "Jungle Video".
Writing Critically.
Know What You're Judging.
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
9. READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELS.
*Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych.
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis .
Writer's Perspective.
Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis.
Writing Critically.
Leaving Things Out.
Writing Assignment.
Student Essay, Kafka's Greatness.
Further Suggestions for Writing.
10. *TWO CRITICAL CASEBOOKS: FLANNERY O'CONNOR AND RAYMOND CARVER.
Flannery O'Connor.
*Flannery O'Connor, Good Country People.
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find.
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation.
Flannery O'Connor on Flannery O'Connor .
Flannery O'Connor, The Element of Suspense in "A Good Man Is Hard to Find".
Flannery O'Connor, On Her Catholic Faith.
Flannery O'Connor, The Serious Writer and the Tired Reader.
*Flannery O'Connor, Yearbook Cartoons .
Critics on Flannery O'Connor.
*Robert Brinkmeyer Jr., Flannery O'Connor and Her Readers.
*J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit.
*Mary Jane Schenck, Deconstructing "A Good Man Is Hard to Find".
*Kathleen Feeley, Comic Perversion in " Good Country People".
Raymond Carver.
Raymond Carver, Cathedral.
*Raymond Carver, A Small, Good Thing.
*Raymond Carver, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love.
Raymond Carver on Raymond Carver.
Raymond Carver, Commonplace but Precise Language.
*Raymond Carver, My Biases in Fiction.
*Raymond Carver, Honesty in Writing.
Critics on Raymond Carver.
*Tess Gallagher, The Origins of Cathedral.
*Tom Jenks, The Origin of Cathedral.
*Paul Skenazy, Carver and Minimalism.
*Arthur Saltzman, Carver's Characterization.
Writing Critically.
How One Story Illuminates Another.
Writing Assignment.
Further Suggestions For Writing.
11. STORIES FOR FURTHER READING.
*Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path.
*Anjana Appachana, The Prophecy.
*Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings.
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark.
Robert Olen Butler, A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain.
Willa Cather, Paul's Case.
John Cheever, The Five-Forty-Eight.
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour.
Sandra Cisneros, Barbie-Q.
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal.
Gabriel Garca Mrquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper.
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown.
Langston Hughes, On the Road.
Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat.
*Kazuo Ishiguro, A Family Supper.
James Joyce, Araby.
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl.
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner.
Bernard Malamud, Angel Levine.
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill.
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh.
Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband.
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried.
Frank O'Connor, First Confession.
Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing.
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds.
Writing.
12. WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE.
Beginning.
Discovering and Planning.
Drafting and Revising.
The Form of Your Finished Paper.
Using Spell-Check Programs.
Anonymous, A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers.
Plagiarism.
Documenting Your Sources.
Reference Guide for Citations.
Keeping a Journal.
13. WRITING ABOUT A STORY.
Explicating.
Sample Student Essay (Explication).
Analyzing.
Sample Student Essay (Analysis).
Sample Student Card Report.
Comparing and Contrasting.
Suggestions for Writing.
14. CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE.
Formalist Criticism.
Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic.
Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in "Sonny's Blues".
Biographical Criticism.
Virginia Llewellyn Smith, Chekhov's Attitude to Romantic Love.
*Jeffrey Meyers, Biographical Background to Babylon Revisited.
Historical Criticism.
*Seamus Deane, Joyces Vision of Dublin.
John King, The Argentinean Context of Borgess Fantastic Fiction.
Psychological Criticism.
Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams.
Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in "The Tell-Tale Heart".
Mythological Criticism.
Northrop Frye, Mythic Archetypes.
Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning".
Sociological Criticism.
Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form.
Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in "The Rocking-Horse Winner".
Gender Criticism.
Elaine Showalter, Toward a Feminist Poetics.
Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in "The Yellow Wallpaper".
Reader-Response Criticism.
Stanley Fish, An Eskimo A Rose for Emily.
*Michael J. Colacurcio, The End of Young Goodman Brown.
Deconstructionist Criticism.
Roland Barthes, The Death of the Author.
Barbara Johnson, Rigorous Unreliability.
Cultural Studies.
Vincent B. Leitch, Poststructuralist Cultural Critique.
Mark Bauerlein, What is Cultural Studies?
*GLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMS.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES.
INDEX OF LITERARY TERMS.
