The Law of Higher Education

Notice to Instructors v

Notice of Website and Periodic Updates for the Sixth Edition vi

Preface xxix

Acknowledgments xxxix

The Authors xli

Part One Perspectives and Foundations 1

1. Overview of Higher Education Law 3

Section 1.1. How Far the Law Reaches and How Loudly It Speaks 3

Section 1.2. Evolution of Higher Education Law 10

Section 1.3. The Governance of Higher Education 26

Section 1.4. Sources of Higher Education Law 34

Section 1.5. The Public-Private Dichotomy 48

Section 1.6. Religion and the Public-Private Dichotomy 69

Section 1.7. The Relationship Between Law and Policy 95

Selected Annotated Bibliography 101

2. Legal Planning and Dispute Resolution 113

Section 2.1. Legal Liability 113

Section 2.2. Litigation in the Courts 116

Section 2.3. Alternative Dispute Resolution 163

Section 2.4. Legal Services 171

Section 2.5. Institutional Management of Liability Risk 182

Selected Annotated Bibliography 194

Part Two The College and Its Governing Board, Personnel, and Agents 201

3. The College and Its Trustees and Officers 203

Section 3.1. The Question of Authority 203

Section 3.2. Sources and Scope of Authority and Liability 208

Section 3.3. Institutional Tort Liability 228

Section 3.4. Institutional Contract Liability 278

Section 3.5. Institutional Liability for Violating Federal Constitutional Rights (Section 1983 Liability) 285

Section 3.6. Captive and Affiliated Organizations 297

Selected Annotated Bibliography 307

4. The College and Its Employees 313

Section 4.1. Overview of Employment Relationships 313

Section 4.2. Pre-hire Considerations 316

Section 4.3. Employment Contracts 322

Section 4.4. Civil Service Rules 340

Section 4.5. Collective Bargaining 342

Section 4.6. Other Employee Protections 377

Section 4.7. Personal Liability of Employees 421

Section 4.8. Performance Management Issues 450

Selected Annotated Bibliography 459

5. Nondiscrimination and Affirmative Action in Employment 464

Section 5.1. The Interplay of Statutes, Regulations, and Constitutional Protections 464

Section 5.2. Sources of Law 470

Section 5.3. The Protected Classes 510

Section 5.4. Affirmative Action 555

Section 5.5. Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Religious Institutions 570

Selected Annotated Bibliography 577

Part Three The College and Its Faculty 583

6. Faculty Employment Issues 585

Section 6.1. Overview 585

Section 6.2. Faculty Contracts 585

Section 6.3. Faculty Collective Bargaining 613

Section 6.4. Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Faculty Employment Decisions 625

Section 6.5. Affirmative Action in Faculty Employment Decisions 656

Section 6.6. Standards and Criteria for Faculty Personnel Decisions 663

Section 6.7. Procedures for Faculty Employment Decisions 681

Section 6.8. Closure, Merger, and Reduction in Force 722

Selected Annotated Bibliography 741

7. Faculty Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression 747

Section 7.1. General Concepts and Principles 747

Section 7.2. Academic Freedom in Teaching 790

Section 7.3. Academic Freedom in Research and Publication 826

Section 7.4. Academic Freedom in Institutional Affairs 838

Section 7.5. Academic Freedom in Private Life 861

Section 7.6. Administrators' Authority Regarding Faculty Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression 870

Section 7.7. Protection of Confidential Academic Information: The "Academic Freedom Privilege" 878

Section 7.8. Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities 896

Selected Annotated Bibliography 899

Part Four The College and Its Students 909

8. The Student-Institution Relationship 911

Section 8.1. The Legal Status of Students 911

Section 8.2. Admissions 946

Section 8.3. Financial Aid 1013

Section 8.4. Student Housing 1068

Section 8.5. Campus Computer Networks 1089

Section 8.6. Campus Security 1105

Section 8.7. Other Support Services 1121

Section 8.8. Student Records 1136

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1156

9. Student Academic Issues 1165

Section 9.1. Overview 1165

Section 9.2. Grading and Academic Standards 1166

Section 9.3. Online Programs 1178

Section 9.4. Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities 1186

Section 9.5. Sexual Harassment of Students by Faculty Members 1210

Section 9.6. Academic Dismissals and Other Academic Sanctions 1233

Section 9.7. Degree Revocation 1260

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1265

10. Student Disciplinary Issues 1269

Section 10.1. Disciplinary and Grievance Systems 1269

Section 10.2. Disciplinary Rules and Regulations 1287

Section 10.3. Procedures for Suspension, Dismissal, and Other Sanctions 1298

Section 10.4. Student Protests and Freedom of Speech 1318

Section 10.5. Speech Codes and the Problem of Hate Speech 1349

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1364

11. Rights and Responsibilities of Student Organizations and Their Members 1372

Section 11.1. Student Organizations 1372

Section 11.2. Fraternities and Sororities 1413

Section 11.3. The Student Press 1437

Section 11.4. Athletic Teams and Clubs 1460

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1509

Part Five The College and Local, State, and Federal Governments 1517

12. Local Governments and the Local Community 1519

Section 12.1. General Principles 1519

Section 12.2. Zoning and Land Use Regulation 1524

Section 12.3. Local Government Taxation 1543

Section 12.4. Student Voting in the Community 1561

Section 12.5. Relations with Local Police 1569

Section 12.6. Community Access to the College's Campus 1574

Section 12.7. Community Activities of Faculty Members and Students 1604

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1610

13. The College and State Government 1614

Section 13.1. Overview 1614

Section 13.2. State Provision of Public Postsecondary Education 1619

Section 13.3. State Chartering and Licensure of Private Postsecondary Institutions 1627

Section 13.4. State Regulation of Out-of-State Institutions and Programs 1640

Section 13.5. Other State Regulatory Laws Affecting Postsecondary Education Programs 1647

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1679

14. The College and the Federal Government 1684

Section 14.1. Federal Constitutional Powers over Education 1684

Section 14.2. Federal Regulation of Postsecondary Education 1702

Section 14.3. Federal Taxation of Postsecondary Education 1826

Section 14.4. Federal Aid-to-Education Programs 1848

Section 14.5. Civil Rights Compliance 1873

Section 14.6. Dealing with the Federal Government 1939

Selected Annotated Bibliography 1947

Part Six The College and External Private Entities 1963

15. The College and the Education Associations 1965

Section 15.1. Overview of the Education Associations 1965

Section 15.2. Applicable Legal Principles 1969

Section 15.3. The College and the Accrediting Agencies 1971

Section 15.4. Athletic Associations and Conferences 2006

Section 15.5. The American Association of University Professors 2028

Section 15.6. Dealing with the Education Associations 2031

Selected Annotated Bibliography 2032

16. The College and the Business and Industrial Community 2039

Section 16.1. The Contract Context for College Business Transactions 2039

Section 16.2. The College as Purchaser 2048

Section 16.3. The College as Seller and Competitor 2069

Section 16.4. The College as Research Collaborator and Partner 2095

Selected Annotated Bibliography 2120

Statute Index 2127

Case Index 2147

Subject Index 2195