The essential companion for animal care and animal management students
The Fourth Edition of Animal Biology and Care introduces the biology and care of species that students learning to work with animals will commonly encounter. It has been written in line with course curricula including animal management, animal care and veterinary care assistant qualifications and is divided into logical sections including biology, health, and husbandry. Step-by-step guidance is provided for the common practical procedures carried out in various roles, whilst chapter summaries enable readers to remember key points and objectives. All sections are complemented by visual diagrams, flowcharts and new chapter glossaries to aid in reader comprehension. A companion website features interactive MCQs to help learners test their knowledge.
Revised and expanded, the new edition includes updates based on the increase in exotic pets, changes to animal welfare related guidance and legislation, the introduction of Technical (T-Level) Qualifications, and revisions to existing curricula. The author has also included a new chapter on the animal industry, with information on employability skills and potential vocational pathways, for readers to understand the further application of their studies as they embark on their careers in the animal industry.
Written by an experienced teacher and examiner, Animal Biology and Care includes information on:
Cells and basic tissues, movement of materials in the body, body systems and functions, body areas, and basic genetics
First aid, basic bandaging, quarantine and isolation, hospitalization, temperature, pulse, respiration, and administration of pharmaceutical drugs
Animal welfare, disease transmission and control, microbiology, zoonotic diseases, canine and feline diseases, zoonotic diseases, and parasitology
Animal husbandry, hygiene, nutrition, handling, grooming, and coat care
Animal Biology and Care is a foundational text for Level 2 and 3 qualifications in Animal Care and Management. It will also benefit veterinary nursing students seeking to develop their knowledge base.
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Verlagsort
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Höhe: 254 mm
Breite: 181 mm
Dicke: 28 mm
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ISBN-13
978-1-394-27718-6 (9781394277186)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Emily Jewell, BSc (Hons) MSc. Cert. Ed. is Progress and Personal Development manager at Reaseheath College, Cheshire, UK. She has over 20 years of experience in delivering animal management qualifications. She previously had responsibility for curriculum across many species and has taught on a wide range of subjects from Levels 1-6. She also works as a marking examiner for City and Guilds and was formerly an external verifier in animal management for the Pearson Edexcel education and examination awarding body.
Autor*in
University of Leeds
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Companion Website xxix
Section 1 Animal Biology 1
1 Cells and Basic Tissues 3
What Is Biology? 3
Biology is the study of life and living organisms 3
How do we define life? 3
Cell Diversity 4
Types of cells found in the animal body 6
Summary of cells 7
Animal Tissues 8
Epithelial tissue 8
Types of epithelial tissue 9
Connective tissue 9
Structure of connective tissue 10
Ground/extracellular matrix 10
Types of connective tissue 11
Blood 12
Composition of blood 13
Components of blood 14
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 14
White blood cells (leucocytes) 15
Functions of WBC 15
Bone and Cartilage 16
Bone 16
Cartilage 16
Muscle tissue 17
Skeletal muscle tissue 18
Tendons 18
Ligaments 19
Smooth Muscle 19
Cardiac Muscle 20
Nervous Tissue 20
Additional structures 21
Summary of Tissues 21
2 Movement of Materials Within the Body 23
Diffusion 23
Osmosis 24
Osmotic pressure 25
Endocytosis 25
Phagocytosis 26
Pinocytosis 26
Active Transport 26
Summary of Transport Processes 27
Body Fluid 27
Acids and bases in the body 27
Tissue fluid and the lymphatic system 28
The Lymphatic System 28
Functions of the lymphatic system 30
Summary of Movement of Materials 31
3 Body Systems and Functions 33
The Circulatory System 33
Blood vessels 34
Arteries 35
Veins 35
Capillaries 35
Blood vessel location names 36
The Mammalian Heart 36
Heartbeat 38
Heart sounds 39
Heart structure of non-mammalian species 39
Summary of the Circulatory System 40
The Respiratory System 42
Characteristics of respiratory surfaces 42
The role of breathing and the circulatory system 43
The respiratory organs of mammals 43
The upper respiratory tract 43
The nasal passages 43
The bronchial tree 44
The alveolar ducts 44
Gas exchange in the lungs 45
Breathing: ventilation of the lungs 45
Diaphragm 46
Ribs 46
Respiration 47
The modern definition of respiration 47
Respiratory system in birds 47
Respiratory system in reptiles 47
Respiratory system in amphibians 48
Respiratory system in fish 48
Summary of the respiratory system 49
The Digestive System 50
Digestion of food 52
Digestive enzymes 52
Comparative digestive anatomy 53
Monogastric digestive tract 54
The mouth 55
Dentition 55
Types of teeth 55
Dental formula 56
The oesophagus 57
The stomach 57
The small intestines 57
The caecum 58
The large intestines 58
The liver 59
Functions of the liver 59
The pancreas 61
Summary of the digestive system 61
The urinary system 61
The kidneys 61
The nephron 62
Summary of the urinary system 64
The Nervous System 64
Reflex action or arc 66
Central nervous system 66
The brain 66
The spinal cord 67
Protection of the brain and spinal cord 67
Peripheral nervous system 68
Voluntary nervous system 68
Involuntary or autonomic nervous system 68
Summary of the nervous system 69
The Endocrine System 69
Endocrine glands 70
Pituitary gland 70
Thyroid gland 71
Parathyroid glands 71
Adrenal gland 71
The pancreas 71
Pineal gland 71
Gonads 72
Summary of the endocrine system 73
The Sense Organs 73
Inside the body 73
Outside the body 73
The eye 73
Protection of the eyes 74
Structures of the eye 74
The ear 75
Outer ear 76
Middle ear 76
Inner ear 76
Other senses 76
The Integumentary System 78
Functions of the skin 78
Structure of the skin 79
Hair 79
Sweat glands 79
Summary of the Sense Organs 79
The Skeleton 79
Bone structure 81
Joints 82
Summary of the Skeleton 84
The Reproductive System 85
The reproductive process 85
Production of ova (eggs) 87
Production of sperm 88
The breeding cycle 89
Oestrus 89
The stages of oestrus 89
Signs of heat/oestrus 90
Summary of the reproductive system 90
Homeostasis 90
Internal Environment 90
Summary of homeostasis 91
4 Basic Genetics 93
What Are Genetics? 93
Why Are Genetics Important? 93
Important Events in the History of Genetics 93
Mendel's first law 94
Mendel's second law 94
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 94
Genetic Terms 95
Cell Division 95
Mitosis 96
Meiosis 97
Comparison of mitosis and meiosis 99
Breeding and Genetics 99
Punnett Squares 100
Genetic mutations 101
Gene interactions 102
Summary of Genetics 102
5 Veterinary Terminology 105
Veterinary Terminology 105
Common prefixes 106
Common suffixes 106
Examples of prefix and suffix use 106
Terms linked to body organs and systems 106
Anatomical Directions 107
Limb movements 108
Body Cavities 108
Thoracic cavity 108
Abdominal cavity 109
Pelvic region 109
Cavity linings 109
Summary of Veterinary Terminology 110
Section 2 Animal Health 111
6 Animal Welfare and Legislation 113
Definition of Animal Welfare 113
Case 1 113
Case 2 114
Case 3 114
Case 4 114
How Is Animal Welfare Assessed? 114
Indicators of good welfare 114
Indicators of poor welfare 115
Animal Welfare Legislation 115
Animal Welfare Act 2006 116
The Five Animal Needs 116
Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animals) (England) Regulations 2018 118
Microchipping of Cats and Dogs (England) Regulations 2023 119
Pet Abduction Act 2024 120
Control of Dogs Order 1992 120
Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 121
Guard Dogs Act 1975 121
Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, Amended 2010 122
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (cites) 1973 122
Zoo Licensing Act 1981 123
Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 124
Protection of Animals (Anaesthetics) Act 1954, amended 1982 124
The Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 125
Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 125
Animal Health Act 1981 126
Animals Act 1971 127
The Pet Travel Scheme 127
Travelling to an EU country from Great Britain 127
Travelling to a non-EU country from Great Britain 128
Animal Welfare Organisations 128
Animal Rights 129
Summary of Animal Welfare and Legislation 130
7 Basic Animal Nutrition 131
Proteins 132
What are proteins? 132
Where does dietary protein originate from? 132
What is the function of protein? 133
What are the signs of protein deficiency in the diet? 133
Carbohydrates 133
What are carbohydrates? 133
Where does dietary carbohydrate originate from? 134
What is the function of carbohydrates? 134
What are the signs of carbohydrate deficiency in the diet? 134
Fats/Lipids 134
What are fats? 134
Where does dietary fat/lipid originate from? 134
What is the function of fats/lipids? 135
What are the signs of fat/lipid deficiency in the diet? 135
Vitamins 135
What are vitamins? 135
What are the signs of dietary vitamin deficiency? 137
Minerals 137
What are minerals? 137
Where do dietary minerals originate from? 138
What is the function of minerals? 138
What are the signs of mineral deficiency in the diet? 139
Water 139
Nutrition for Life Stages 140
Growing animals 140
Adult 141
Working animals 141
Senior/geriatric animals 142
Pregnancy 142
Lactation 143
Summary of Basic Animal Nutrition 144
8 Basic Animal Health Care 145
Assessing the Health Status of an Animal 145
Behavioural indicators 146
Physical indicators 146
Signs of pain 146
Physiological indicators 147
Signs of health in animals 147
What is being looked for in each area? 148
Suggested health routines 148
Factors affecting health status 148
Hygiene 148
Exercise provision 149
Companionship 151
Prophylactic treatments 152
Vaccination 152
Parasite treatments 153
Microchipping 153
Summary of Basic Animal Health Care 155
9 Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration 157
Temperature 157
How Is Temperature Assessed? 158
Thermometers 158
Pulse 161
Terms relating to pulse rate 162
Respiration 163
Summary of TPR 165
10 Disease Transmission and Control 167
How Can Infection Be Transmitted? 167
Vertical transmission 168
Horizontal transmission 168
Transmission through direct contact 168
Indirect contact 168
How Does Infection Enter the Animal? 169
How Does Infection Leave the Animal? 169
Continuous excretors 170
Intermittent excretors 170
Incubation of Disease 170
Infection 170
Resistance to infection 171
Methods of infection control 171
Infection terms 171
Diagnosis of Disease 171
Basic Animal Treatments 172
Choice of medication 172
Types of medication 172
Routes of drug administration 173
Oral administration 173
Topical administration 173
Parenteral administration 174
General Guidelines When Dealing with Medicines 174
Summary of Disease Transmission and Control 174
11 Hygiene and Husbandry 175
What Are Disinfectants and Antiseptics? 175
Key Terms Relating to Hygiene 176
Disinfectants 177
What are the properties of an ideal disinfectant? 177
Do disinfectants always work? 177
Disinfectants are most effective when 177
Which disinfectant to choose? 178
What types of disinfectant are there? 178
Phenols 178
Aldehydes 178
Peroxides 179
Halogens 179
Quaternary ammonium compounds 179
What precautions should be taken when using a disinfectant? 179
COSHH sheets 179
Dilution rates 179
How do disinfectants work? 180
Disinfection and cleaning of the animal's environment 180
What equipment is needed for cleaning animal housing? 180
What is the correct way to clean animal housing? 181
Antiseptics 181
Which antiseptic to choose? 181
What types of antiseptics are there? 181
Quaternary ammonium compounds 181
Iodophors - Iodine-based compounds (e.g. Povidine scrub, Betadine) 182
Alcohol Gel 182
Summary of Hygiene and Husbandry 182
12 Basic Microbiology 183
What Is Microbiology? 183
Microbial Terms 183
Bacteria 184
Structure of bacteria 184
Bacterial reproduction 184
Binary fission 185
Conjugation or bacterial mating 185
Bacterial terms 186
Viruses 188
Fungi 189
Protozoa 189
Summary of Basic Microbiology 190
13 Diseases of Domestic Animals 191
Immunity 191
Cells of the immune system 191
Types of immunity 193
Innate immunity 193
Adaptive immunity 194
How is immunity acquired? 194
Passive immunity 194
Active immunity 194
Vaccination 194
Summary of Immunity 195
Terms Related to Disease 195
Bacterial Diseases 196
Canine leptospirosis 196
Salmonella infection 197
Campylobacter infection 197
Escherichia coli infection 198
Kennel cough 198
Feline infectious anaemia 199
Pasteurellosis 199
Wet tail in hamsters 200
Psittacosis 200
Mouth rot 201
Viral Diseases 201
Canine distemper 201
Canine viral hepatitis 202
Canine parvovirus 203
Chlamydiosis (feline pneumonitis) 203
Feline immunodeficiency virus 204
Feline infectious enteritis 205
Feline infectious peritonitis 205
Feline leukaemia virus 206
Feline viral respiratory diseases 207
Feline calicivirus 207
Feline herpes virus 208
Rabies 208
Myxomatosis 209
Rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease 210
Ferret distemper 210
Ferret influenza 211
Psittacine beak and feather disease 211
Adenovirus infections 211
Fungal Diseases 212
Ringworm (dermatophytosis) 212
Candidiasis 212
Aspergillosis 213
Protozoal Diseases 213
Coccidiosis 213
Cryptosporidiosis 214
Giardiasis 214
Prion Disease 214
Vaccinations for dogs 215
Vaccinations for cats 215
Vaccinations for rabbits 215
Vaccinations for ferrets 216
Summary of Diseases 216
14 Zoonotic Diseases 217
Definition of Terms 217
Zoonoses 217
Prevention of zoonotic diseases 217
Anthropoonoses 218
Prevention of anthroponotic diseases 219
Notifiable Diseases in Animals 219
Examples of notifiable animal disease in the United Kingdom 219
Summary of Zoonotic Diseases 220
15 Parasitology 221
What Is Parasitology? 221
Parasitology Terms 221
External Parasites 222
Fleas 222
Common flea species 222
Diagnosing fleas 222
Prevention and treatment of fleas 223
Ticks 223
Common species of ticks 224
Treatment of ticks 225
Lice 225
Common species of lice 226
The louse's life cycle 226
Diagnosis and treatment of a louse infestation 226
Mites 226
Common species of mites 226
The mite's life cycle 226
Treatment of mites 226
Flies 228
Ectoparasites in Birds 228
Mites 228
Lice 228
Flies 228
Ticks 228
Ectoparasites in Reptiles 228
Mites 229
Flies 229
Ticks 229
Internal Parasites 229
Roundworms 229
Roundworms in the United Kingdom 230
Preventing toxocariasis 230
Lungworms 231
Hookworms 231
Whipworms 231
Heartworms 231
Bladder/liver worms (Capillaria species) 232
Tapeworms 232
Tapeworms in the United Kingdom 232
Tapeworms in other animals 233
Treatment of tapeworms 233
Summary of Parasites 234
16 First Aid Care 235
First Aid 235
Classifying First Aid Situations 236
Very severe 236
Severe 236
Serious 236
Major 236
Initial Management of First Aid Situations 236
Recovery Position for an Animal 237
Initial Assessment 237
DRABC checks 237
Body scan 238
Life-saving Techniques 239
Cardiac compressions (heart massage) 239
Respiratory arrest 241
Artificial respiration 241
Mouth-to-nose technique 241
Movement of an Animal Requiring First Aid 242
Small dogs, cats, rabbits, and smaller pets 242
Medium-sized dogs or other animals 243
Large breeds of dog or similar sized animals 243
Transporting injured birds and reptiles 245
Situations Requiring First Aid for Animals 246
Poisons 246
Signs of poisoning 246
Insect stings 247
Bleeding 248
Stopping bleeding 249
Shock 249
Heat stroke (hyperthermia) 251
Hypothermia 252
Bone fractures 252
Types of fracture 252
Wounds 254
Types of wounds 254
Stages of wound healing 255
Wound care 255
Burns and scalds 255
Eye injuries 256
Chemicals 256
Prolapsed eyeball 256
Perforating injury 257
Summary of First Aid Care 257
17 Basic Bandaging 259
Reasons for Bandaging 259
Aims of Bandaging 260
Rules for Bandaging 261
Summary of Basic Bandaging 264
18 Isolation and Quarantine 265
Isolation 265
Quarantine 266
Summary of Isolation and Quarantine 268
19 Care of the Hospitalised Patient 269
Hygiene 269
Basic room cleaning procedure 270
Observation 273
Animal welfare 273
Recumbent patients 277
Nursing care plans 278
Handling hospitalised patients 279
Isolation and barrier nursing 279
Recordkeeping 279
Summary of Care of the Hospitalised Patient 280
20 Medication for Animals 281
Routes of Administration 282
Administering medication 282
Pharmacology and Dispensing of Drugs 284
Drug administration 284
Labels for drug containers 285
Handling and dispensing of drugs 285
Legal aspects 285
Small Animal Exemption Scheme 287
Drug Resistance 287
Drugs Glossary 288
Summary of Medications 288
Section 3 Animal Husbandry 289
21 Animal Handling and Restraint 291
Why Do We Handle Animals? 291
Why Do We Need to Restrain Animals? 292
Approaching an Animal for Handling 292
Examples of Behaviour Seen When Animals Are Unwilling to Be Handled 292
Handling Procedures 293
Cats 293
Dogs 294
Ferrets 296
Gerbils 297
Guinea pigs 297
Hamsters 298
Rabbits 298
Rats 298
Reptiles 298
Lizards 299
Snakes 301
Restraining the Dog and Cat 301
For general examinations 301
Handling to examine limbs, chest, and abdomen (lateral position) 301
Handling for subcutaneous injections 301
Handling for intramuscular injection 301
Handling for intravenous injection 302
Transferring an animal from basket to examination surface 302
Restraint Equipment for Animals 304
Summary of Animal Handling and Restraint 307
22 Grooming and Coat Care 309
Reasons for Grooming 309
Main Aims of Grooming 310
Grooming Dogs 310
The dog's coat 310
Grooming for different coat types 311
Smooth coat 311
Short coat 312
Double coat 312
Wiry coat 312
Silky coat 313
Woolly/curly coat 313
Grooming equipment 314
Brushes 314
Combs 316
Cutting equipment 316
Grooming procedure in dogs 320
Nail clipping 321
Nail clipping process 321
Brushing the coat 322
Bathing 322
Bathing technique in dogs 325
Cats 327
The cat's coat 327
Grooming procedure in cats 328
Short coat 328
Long-haired and semi-long-haired coat 328
Curly coat 328
Wire coat 328
Hairless coat 329
Bathing a cat 329
Warning 329
Grooming Small Mammals 330
Summary of Grooming and Coat Care 330
23 Feeding Animals 331
General Considerations for Feeding Animals 331
Before feeding 331
Types of Food 332
Animal supplements 334
Animal treats 335
How much food to provide? 336
Methods of feeding 336
Food storage 337
Summary of Feeding Animals 338
24 Other Animals Kept as Pets 339
Basic Husbandry for Other Animals 339
Housing 339
Promoting health 340
Small Mammals 340
Ferrets 341
Biological data 342
Anatomical facts: Ferrets 342
Teeth 342
Senses 342
Skeleton 342
Sweat glands 342
Housing ferrets 342
Feeding ferrets 343
Handling ferrets 343
Sexing ferrets 343
Gerbils 343
Biological data 344
Anatomical facts: Gerbils 344
Teeth 344
Scent glands 344
Adrenal glands 344
Hind legs 344
Tail 345
Eyes 345
Hearing 345
Housing gerbils 345
Feeding gerbils 345
Handling gerbils 346
Sexing gerbils 346
Guinea pigs 346
Biological data: Guinea pigs 347
Anatomical facts: Guinea pigs 347
Teeth 347
Tail 347
Scent glands 347
Pelvis 347
Housing guinea pigs 347
Feeding guinea pigs 349
Handling guinea pigs 349
Sexing guinea pigs 349
Hamsters 349
Biological data: Hamsters 350
Anatomical facts: Hamsters 351
Teeth 351
Mouth 351
Eyes 351
Scent glands 351
Housing hamsters 351
Feeding hamsters 352
Handling hamsters 352
Sexing hamsters 353
Mice 354
Biological data: Mice 354
Anatomical facts: Mice 354
Teeth 354
Eyes 354
Feet 354
Housing mice 355
Feeding mice 355
Handling mice 356
Sexing mice 356
Rabbits 356
Biological data: Rabbits 357
Anatomical facts: Rabbits 357
Eyes 357
Ears 357
Teeth 357
Body cavities 357
Skeleton 358
Scent glands 359
Housing rabbits 359
Feeding rabbits 360
Handling rabbits 361
Sexing rabbits 362
Rats 362
Biological data: Rats 362
Anatomical facts: Rats 363
Teeth 363
Long bones 363
Digestive tract 363
Housing rats 363
Feeding rats 364
Handling rats 364
Sexing rats 364
Birds 365
Anatomical facts: Birds 365
Skeleton 365
Digestive tract 365
Respiratory system 366
Housing for birds 367
Budgerigars 368
Biological data: Budgerigars 368
Anatomical facts: Budgerigars 369
Beak 369
Feeding budgerigars 369
Handling budgerigars 369
Sexing budgerigars 370
Canaries 370
Biological data: Canaries 370
Anatomical facts: Canaries 370
Beak 370
Feeding canaries 370
Fish 371
Anatomical data: Fish 371
External anatomical features 371
Head types 372
Internal anatomical features 372
Tropical freshwater fish 372
Coldwater fish 373
Goldfish 373
Koi 373
Considerations when setting up an aquarium 373
Setting up the aquarium 376
The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium 376
Feeding fish 377
Aquarium tank maintenance 377
Daily 377
Every 2 weeks 377
Once a month 377
Every 8-12 months 377
Reptiles 377
Housing reptiles 378
Heating the vivarium 379
Humidity in the vivarium 380
Lighting in the vivarium 380
Hygiene and cleaning in the vivarium 380
Feeding reptiles 381
Handling reptiles 382
Summary of Other Animals Kept as Pets 382
Section 4 The Animal Industry 383
25 The Animal Industry 385
The Diversity of the UK Animal Industry 385
Animal health care and veterinary services 385
Animal welfare organisations 386
Farm livestock 387
Pet care and retail 387
Wildlife conservation and zoological collections 387
Summary of the Animal Industry 388
26 Employability Skills in the Animal Industry 389
Employability Skills 389
Summary of Employability Skills 391
Further Reading 393
Section 1 393
SectionS 2 and 3 394
Section 4 398
Index 399
