CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix
PREFACE xxi
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 FUNDAMENTAL FIELD EQUATIONS 7
2.1 Maxwell's Equations / 7
2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10
2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11
2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15
2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting's Theorem / 18
2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22
2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24
2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell's Equations / 25
2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26
2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27
2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28
2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30
Problems / 33
3 WAVES IN INHOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED MEDIA 35
3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35
3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36
3.3 Polarization / 37
3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39
3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43
3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster's Angle, and Total Reflection / 44
3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47
3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50
3.9 Complex Waves / 51
3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54
3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57
3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63
3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66
3.14 WKB Method / 68
3.15 Bremmer Series / 72
3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76
3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77
3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80
Problems / 81
4 WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITIES 85
4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85
4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86
4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87
4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89
4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91
4.6 k-ß Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95
4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98
4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100
4.9 TEM Modes / 104
4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106
4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109
4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116
4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117
4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120
4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123
4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128
Problems / 133
5 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 137
5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137
5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139
5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144
5.4 Scalar Green's Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green's Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145
5.5 Green's Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150
5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155
5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157
5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159
5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163
Problems / 166
6 RADIATION FROM APERTURES AND BEAM WAVES 169
6.1 Huygens' Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169
6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173
6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176
6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178
6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182
6.6 Beam Waves / 183
6.7 Goos-Hanchen Effect / 187
6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191
6.9 Vector Green's Theorem, Stratton-Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194
6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197
6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198
Problems / 199
7 PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND COUPLED-MODE THEORY 201
7.1 Floquet's Theorem / 202
7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203
7.3 Periodic Layers / 209
7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213
7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219
7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224
Problems / 229
8 DISPERSION AND ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 233
8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233
8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235
8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237
8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240
8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240
8.6 Mixing Formula / 241
8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244
8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244
8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247
8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248
8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249
8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253
8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255
8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256
8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257
8.16 Warm Plasma / 259
8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261
8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263
8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266
8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267
8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270
8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272
8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276
8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278
Problems / 280
9 ANTENNAS, APERTURES, AND ARRAYS 285
9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285
9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289
9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292
9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296
9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301
9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305
9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308
9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313
Problems / 314
10 SCATTERING OF WAVES BY CONDUCTING AND DIELECTRIC OBJECTS 317
10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318
10.2 Radar Equations / 321
10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322
10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325
10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328
10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330
10.7 Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334
10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338
10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341
10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342
10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344
10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346
10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347
10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350
Problems / 354
11 WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES, SPHERES, AND WEDGES 357
11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357
11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361
11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364
11.4 Radiation Field / 366
11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368
11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval's Theorem / 371
11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373
11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376
11.9 Poisson's Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation / 379
11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382
11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390
11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392
11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394
Problems / 395
12 SCATTERING BY COMPLEX OBJECTS 401
12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402
12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404
12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406
12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408
12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414
12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416
12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418
12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423
12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426
12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427
12.11 Small Apertures / 430
12.12 Babinet's Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433
12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439
12.14 Related Problems / 441
Problems / 441
13 GEOMETRIC THEORY OF DIFFRACTION AND LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES 443
13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444
13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet's Problem / 447
13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann's Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452
13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455
13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457
13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461
13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463
13.8 Curved Wedge / 463
13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465
13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466
13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467
Problems / 470
14 PLANAR LAYERS, STRIP LINES, PATCHES, AND APERTURES 473
14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473
14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481
14.3 Strip Lines / 485
14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492
14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496
14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500
14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502
Problems / 506
15 RADIATION FROM A DIPOLE ON THE CONDUCTING EARTH 509
15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509
15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510
15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514
15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517
15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519
15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521
15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524
15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528
15.9 Refracted Wave / 536
15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538
15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541
15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545
15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549
Problems / 550
PART II APPLICATIONS 553
16 INVERSE SCATTERING 555
16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555
16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559
16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561
16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567
16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570
16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel's Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572
16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575
16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578
16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580
16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582
Problems / 584
17 RADIOMETRY, NOISE TEMPERATURE, AND INTERFEROMETRY 587
17.1 Radiometry / 587
17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588
17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589
17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592
17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594
17.6 System Temperature / 598
17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600
17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601
17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602
17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604
Problems / 607
18 STOCHASTIC WAVE THEORIES 611
18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612
18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612
18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612
18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613
18.5 Stochastic Green's Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615
18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619
18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621
18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622
19 GEOPHYSICAL REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING 625
19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626
19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630
19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632
19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634
19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636
19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638
19.7 Space-Time Radiative Transfer / 639
19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641
19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644
19.10 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646
19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650
20 BIOMEDICAL EM, OPTICS, AND ULTRASOUND 657
20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658
20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659
20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663
20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666
20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670
20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672
20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677
20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680
21 WAVES IN METAMATERIALS AND PLASMON 685
21.1 Refractive Index n and mu-epsilon Diagram / 686
21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688
21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689
21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692
21.5 Space-Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697
21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701
21.7 Negative Goos-Hanchen Shift / 704
21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708
21.9 Brewster's Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster's Angle / 712
21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716
21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720
22 TIME-REVERSAL IMAGING 723
22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724
22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium / 729
22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time-Reversal Operator) / 731
22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735
22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739
22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739
22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740
23 SCATTERING BY TURBULENCE, PARTICLES, DIFFUSE MEDIUM, AND ROUGH SURFACES 743
23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743
23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746
23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748
23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750
23.5 Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751
23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media / 752
23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753
23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754
23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756
23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759
23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760
23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761
23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762
23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765
23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771
23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774
23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779
24 COHERENCE IN MULTIPLE SCATTERING AND DIAGRAM METHOD 785
24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786
24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787
24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization / 789
24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter Equations / 791
24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793
24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794
24.7 Memory Effects / 795
25 SOLITONS AND OPTICAL FIBERS 797
25.1 History / 797
25.2 KDV (Korteweg-De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799
25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802
26 POROUS MEDIA, PERMITTIVITY, FLUID PERMEABILITY OF SHALES AND SEISMIC CODA 807
26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808
26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie's Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809
26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy's Law / 811
26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812
26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813
26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814
26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815
26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819
APPENDICES 821
REFERENCES 913
INDEX 929
