Foreword.
Introduction.
I. INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS.
1.The expanding roles of function point metrics.
Capers Jones
Introduction.
Expanded Uses for the Function Point Metric.
1975: Function Points Invented Within IBM.
1978: IBM Announces Function Points to the Software Industry.
1980: Function Points and Programming Language Evaluation.
1985: Function Points and Software Cost Estimating.
1986: Formalized Function Point Training.
1987: Function Points and Software Quality.
1988: Function Points and Software Benchmarks.
1989: Function Points and Software Portfolio Analysis.
1990: Function Points and Tool Analysis.
1991: Function Points and Make Versus Buy Analysis.
1992: Function Points and International Industry Comparisons.
1993: Function Points and Outsource Analysis.
1994: Function Points and Business Process Reengineering.
1994: Function Points and the Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model.
1995: Function Points and Taxation of Software Assets.
1995: Function Points and Outsource Litigation.
1996: Function Points and Estimating Rules of Thumb.
1997: Function Points and Mass Updates such as the Year 2000 Projects.
1997: Function Points and Enterprise Resource Planning Applications.
1998: Function Points and Web-Based Applications.
1999: Function Points and the Euro.
2000: Function Points and the Earned-Value Approach.
2001: Function Points and the Balanced Scorecard Approach.
Optimizing Function Point Value.
Function Points and Software Requirements.
Ratios of Function Point Counting Specialists.
In-House Counts Versus Consultant Function Point Counts.
Potential Expansion of Function Point Metrics.
Improved Guidelines for Embedded and Real-time Software.
The Need for Data Point Metrics.
The Need for Service Point Metrics.
The Need for Engineering Point Metrics.
The Need for COTS Point Metrics.
The Need for Value Point Metrics.
The Need for Risk Point Metrics.
Summary and Conclusions.
Biography.
2. IT Organization, Benchmark Thyself.Michael Mah
Metrics That Matter.
Compared to What? A Frame of Reference.
Interpreting the Metrics.
Collecting the Data: You Can Be Your Own NCHS.
Start Charting.
Managing the Data.
Establish a Routine.
Organize What You Have Learned.
Present What You Have Collected.
The Driving Pressure: Deadlines.
Obstacles to Acquiring IT Metrics Information.
What Projects to Use.
Old Data Versus New.
Analysis Advice.
Do Not Play the Ratio Game.
A Graphical Analysis.
What It All Means.
Biography.
3. The Core of Software Planning.Lawrence H. Putnam and Ware Myers
Measuring the Core Metrics.
Measuring the Product.
Measuring Quality.
Measuring Process Productivity.
Measuring the Time.
Measuring the Effort.
Measurement Seeks Results.
Estimating with the Core Metrics.
Bidding with the Core Metrics.
Control with the Core Metrics.
Replan with Revised Metrics.
Biography.
4. Work Output Measurement: IT Work Units.Howard Rubin
Introduction.
Work Output Measurement.
Computing Throughput.
Normalization and the Work Unit.
Initial Observations on ITWUs.
Applying ITWUs.
ITWU Example from MCI Systemhouse.
Evolutionary Development of a Purer Work Unit Metric.
Summary.
Biography.
II. MEASUREMENT PROGRAM APPROACHES.
5. EDS Brazil Metrics Program: Measuring for Improvement.
Marcio Luiz Barroso da Silveira
Why a Metrics Program and Why It Must Be Formalized.
Metrics Program: Organizational Structure.
Metrics Program Processes.
Estimating Process.
Why Some Metrics Programs Fail.
EDS Brazil and the Corporate Metrics and Estimating Program.
Summary.
Biography.
6. Measurement Program Implementation Approaches.Lori Holmes
Introduction.
Step 1: Defining Goals and Initiatives.
Step 2: Defining Measures.
Step 3: Defining Data Collection.
Data Definitions.
Data Collection Points.
Data Collection Responsibilities.
Data Collection Vehicles.
Step 4: Defining Reports.
Step 5: Implementing the Measurement Process.
Roll-out.
Staffing Needs.
Process and Methods Development.
Education.
Summary.
Biography.
7. Benchmarking.Arlene F. Minkiewicz
Introduction.
What Is Benchmarking?
Why Benchmark?
Internal Benchmarking.
External Benchmarking.
Getting Started with Benchmarking.
Analyzing What Has Been Learned.
Summary.
Biography.
8. A Data Definition Framework for Defining Software Measurements.James Rozum
Introduction.
Uses of Data Definition Frameworks.
Data Modeling and Terminology.
DDF Architecture.
Data Definition Columns.
Definition Column Descriptions.
Example of Data Definition Columns.
Data Manipulation Columns.
Total Count.
Separate Counts.
Arrays.
Putting It All Together.
An Example from Practice.
Complete Effort (Staff Hours) DDF.
Summary.
Biography.
9. Cheaper, Better, Faster: A Measurement Program That Works.Janet Russac
Introduction.
Metrics: Concept, Benefits, and Uses.
Metrics Selection Criteria.
Metrics Categories.
Productivity.
Quality.
Cost.
Time.
Key Measures.
Function Points.
Hours.
Defects.
Calendar Months.
Dollars.
Project Attributes.
The Measurement Team.
Data Collection.
Data Analysis Process.
Organizational Metrics Reporting.
Tools.
Summary.
Biography.
III. FUNCTION POINTS AS PART OF A MEASUREMENT PROGRAM.
10. How and When Can Functional Size Fit with a Measurement Program?
Carol A. Dekkers
Introduction.
Software Measurement Steps.
Planning the Measurement Program.
Which Metrics to Choose.
Pilot the Appropriate Target Metrics.
Critical Success Factors.
Cultural Change.
Summary.
Biography.
11. An Early Estimation of Software Reliability Based on the Size Estimation and the Software Process Assessment of Large Telecom Systems.Alex Lubashevsky
Introduction.
Software Reliability Estimation.
The Role of Size and Complexity.
Early Size and Reliability Estimation.
Summary.
Biography.
12. Establishing Central Support for Software Sizing Activities in a Large Organization.Valerie Marthaler and Steve Keim
Business Drivers.
Industry Standards.
ISO standard 14143-1.
IFPUG CPM.
IEEE.
SEI CMM.
Methods and Tools.
Function Point Analysis.
Organizational Guidelines.
Model-Based Estimating Tools.
Function Point Analysis Repository Tools.
SLOC Counting Tool.
Recommended Organization Structure.
Central Sizing Support Team Responsibilities.
Central Point of Contact.
Recommend Sizing Approaches.
Training and Mentoring.
Establishing and Maintaining Asset and Project Sizes.
Validating Asset and Project Sizes.
Providing Issue Resolution.
Communicating Organizational and Industry Standards and Guidelines.
Reporting Back to the Organization and Leadership.
Summary.
Biographies.
13. Function Points as Part of a Measurement Program.Pam Morris
Introduction.
Managing Project Development.
FPA Uses and Benefits in Project Planning.
FPA Uses and Benefits in Project Construction.
FPA Uses and Benefits after Software Implementation.
Customizing Packaged Software.
Estimating Package Implementations.
FPA Infrastructure and Resources.
Roles and Responsibilities.
Selecting Software to Count.
Activities That Do Not Deliver Function Points.
Standards for Recording Function Point Counts.
Standards for Resolving Count Issues.
Standards for Reviewing Counts.
Resources and Cost.
Cost of Implementation.
Biography.
IV. USING METRICS TO MANAGE PROJECTS.
14. Tracking Software Progress.
Elizabeth (Betsy) Clark
Tracking Progress: Criteria for Effective Measures.
Activity-Based Measures of Progress.
Detailed Activity-Based Measure.
Product-Based Measures of Progress.
Comparing Activity-Based and Product-Based Measures of Progress.
Recommendation.
Biography.
15. Effectively Utilizing Software Metrics: Project Metrics.Daniel D. Galorath
Introduction.
Strategic versus Tactical.
The Project Framework.
Function Points and Sizing.
Effective Size.
Productivity.
Assessing Risks.
Earned Value Management.
Product Quality.
Product Defect Tracking: Managing with Metrics.
Summary.
Biography.
16. Project Metrics Using Effort Metrics for Tracking.Magnus Hoeglund
Introduction.
Why Measure and Analyze?
Avoiding the Pitfalls.
Effort: What Is It?
Active Planning and Tracking.
Status Diagram.
Trend Diagram.
Earned Value.
Structures.
Tracking on Different Levels.
Summary.
Biography.
17. Using Project Metrics to More Efficiently Manage Projects.Steven M. Woodward
Introduction.
New Development Project Management.
Enhancement Project Management.
Key Measures.
Function Points.
Effort-Hours.
Cost.
Project Duration Days.
Defects.
Lines of Code.
Supplementary Information.
Practical Real-Life Application of Project Metrics.
Case Example Results.
Relationship of Measures.
Using Internal or External Productivity Benchmarks.
Summary.
Biography.
V. PROBLEMS WITH MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM.
18. Avoiding Obstacles and Common Pitfalls in the Building of an Effective Metrics Program.
Sheila P. Dennis
Phase I. Requirements Identification and Analysis.
Phase II. Design.
Phase III. Design Implementation.
Phase IV. Program Testing.
Phase V. Implementation and Maintenance.
Biography.
19. Unreported and Unpaid Overtime: Distorted Measurements and Formulas for Failure.Gene Fellner
Introduction.
The Numbers.
The History of Overtime.
Computerization and Overtime.
The Reasons for Unreported and/or Unpaid Overtime.
The Desire.
The Expectations.
The Law.
The Defects.
A Software Metrics Perspective.
The Impact on Organizations.
The Social Costs.
Overtime Overseas.
The Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model.
A Status Report.
Summary.
Conclusion.
Biography.
VI. Using Software Metrics for Effective Estimating 321
20. Metrics in Support of Estimating in a Large Software Services Company.
Donald Beckett and Pamela C. Llorence
Introduction.
The Role of Estimating in Metrics and Process.
Improvement Activities.
Establishing Estimating Centers.
Estimating Dilemmas.
Corporate Metrics for Estimating.
The Business Value of Estimating Centers.
The Case for Model-Based Estimating.
Schedule Compression in Estimating: A Case Study.
Summary.
Biographies.
21. Estimating Software Development Projects.Craig P. Beyers
Why Estimating is Important.
Estimating Concepts.
Using Data for Estimating.
Estimating Models.
How to Estimate Software Projects.
Estimating New Projects or Major Enhancements.
Reestimating Ongoing Projects.
Summary.
Biography.
22. Enhanced Estimation: On Time, Within Budget.David Garmus
Prerequisites.
Conducting a Proof of Concept.
Selecting a Tool.
Ability To Do What-if Analysis.
Comparisons to Industry and Best-in-Class.
Deliverable Estimates.
Exporting to Project Management Tools.
Identification of Process Strengths and Weaknesses.
Interface with Function Point Repository.
Portfolio or Baseline Creation (Storage of Data).
Reporting Feature.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Biography.
23. Enhanced Estimation.John A. Landmesser
Introduction.
Function Point Counting and Effort Estimation.
Measurement Areas to Evaluate the Estimation Process.
Requirements Analysis Effort Estimation.
Implementation Effort Estimation.
Translating Effort into Client-Friendly Numbers.
Summary.
Biography.
24. ESE: Enhanced Software Estimation.Luca Santillo
Introduction.
The Basic Model: IFPUG Guidelines and ISBSG Benchmark.
To Adjust or Not to Adjust: The VAF Issue.
Internal Benchmarking: The "Best of" Issue.
An Algorithmic Model: Constructive Cost Model.
Function Points and Lines of Code: The Backfiring Issue.
Parametric Models: The Simplicity versus Differentiation Issue.
The Software Reuse Issue.
The Intrinsic Complexity Issue.
Requirements Volatility: The Change Requests Issue.
How Sure Are We: The Uncertainty Issue.
Enhanced Software Estimation: An Integration.
Future Enhancements.
Biography.
VII. REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT.
25. The New and Improved Requirements Engineer.
Joe Madden
Introduction.
The Importance of Good Requirements.
The Importance of Accurate Estimates.
Why a Software Estimation Group or Consultant is Not Enough.
Other Benefits When Requirements Engineers Have Software Size Expertise.
Function Point Analysis Can Help Determine the Completeness of a Requirements Specification.
Function Point Analysis Becomes More Mainstream.
Summary.
Suggested Readings.
Biography.
26. Early and Quick Function Point Analysis from Summary User Requirements to Project Management.Roberto Meli
Introduction.
Managing the Requirements of a Software Project.
Definition of Requirement.
Requirements Management Framework.
Using Requirements to Estimate Project Resources.
General Software Measurement Framework.
General Software Contractual Framework.
Estimating the Resources of a Software Project.
Measuring or Estimating Function Points.
Early & Quick Function Point Analysis.
Method's Overview.
Method's Details.
Numerical Assignments.
EQFPA Procedure.
Conclusions.
Biography.
VIII. IMPACT ON IT/BUSINESS MEASURES.
27. Critical Success Factors for Developing and Implementing a Contractual Metrics Program.
Melinda Ayers
Introduction.
Timely and Robust Definition of Requirements.
Example 1: Batch Processing Performance Measure-Purpose.
Example 2: Batch Processing Performance Measure-Operational Definition.
Example 3: Batch Processing Performance Measure-Research.
Additional Considerations for Definition of Requirements.
Training and Education.
Pre- and Post-implementation Support.
Summary.
Biography.
28. Considerations for Getting Maximum Benefit from an Enterprise-Wide Metrics Repository.Dawn Coley
Introduction.
The Assumptions.
Getting Started with Storing Collected Metric Data.
Consistency versus Customization.
Maturing the Repository with the Organization.
Enterprise-Wide View and Needs.
Everything but the Kitchen Sink.
Summary.
Biography.
29. The Role of Universities in Promoting Software Measures.Ewa Magiera
Introduction.
The Role of Software Measurement.
The Role of Teaching.
Conclusions.
Biography.
IX. IT BALANCED SCORECARD APPROACHES.
30. Measurements Necessary to Support an IT Balanced Scorecard: IT Indicators.
Conrado Estol
Introduction.
Identification and Selection of Good Indicators for IT Function.
The Balanced Scorecard.
The Balanced Scorecard and IT.
Customer Perspective.
Internal Business Process Perspective.
Innovations and Learning Perspective.
Financial Perspective.
Conclusion.
Biography.
31. Software Balanced Scorecards: The Icing on the Cake.Bill Hufschmidt
What Is a Software Balanced Scorecard?
Overcoming Fear and Objections.
Using a Software Balanced Scorecard.
Preparing the Software Balanced Scorecard.
Other Important Measures.
Summary.
Biography.
32. Keeping a Well-Balanced Scorecard.Sara Kathryn Shackelton
Introduction.
Positioning Your Company for a Strategic Approach.
Laying Out Your Balanced Scorecard.
Step 1: Create the Company's Vision.
Step 2: Lay Out Your Company's Strategy.
Step 3: Find Measures That Will Determine if You Reach Your Goals.
Step 4: Outline the Formulas For Your Measures.
Step 5: Ensure That Your Measures Use Valid Data.
Step 6: Balance Your Measures.
Step 7: Assign an Owner to Each Measure.
Step 8: Implement Your Balanced Scorecard.
Step 9: What to Do After You Achieve Your Results.
Step 10: Keep Your Measures in Step With Your Company's Progress.
One Final Note.
Biography.
X. METRICS IN OUTSOURCING.
33. Introduction to Metrics in Outsourcing.
Scott Goldfarb
Introduction.
Background.
Defining and Classifying Outsourcing Arrangements.
Steps in Establishing Metrics for Outsourcing.
Metrics for Outsourcing.
Establishing the Baseline.
Strategic Analysis.
Financial Analysis.
Productivity/Quality Analysis.
Benefits of an Outsourcing Baseline.
Metrics and Outsourcing Major Projects.
Future Trends: Price Models and Independent Benchmarking.
Summary.
Biography.
34. Litigation: The Product of Not Practicing Function Point Metrics.Ron J. Salvador
The Proposal: Will You Dance with Me?.
Silver Bullets Only Work on Werewolves.
Determining Fault: "It's the Interface, Stupid."
The Phases of Project Development.
The Productivity of Individual Team Members.
Someone Please Tell Me What's Going On Here.
After the Love is Gone.
It's a Bug's Life.
The Requirements They Are A-Changin'.
The Costs of Software Metrics: Are They Worth It?
Biography.
35. Metrics in Outsourcing.Koni Thompson
A Recipe for Success.
Planning Phase.
Planning: Analysis and Identification.
Planning: Definition.
Sample Metrics Profile Outline.
Planning: Implementation.
Planning: Capability Analysis.
Planning: Approval.
Executing Phase.
Execution: Collection.
Execution: Consolidation.
Execution: Repository.
Execution: Baseline.
Execution: Reporting.
Governing Phase.
Governance: Review.
Governance: Contract Conformance.
Governance: Auditing.
Governance: True Up.
A Quality Model.
Summary.
Biography.
Recently Published Articles.
XI. SEI AND ISO-BASED METRICS.
36. Standardizing a SLOC Counting Tool to Support ISO and CMM Requirements.
Jeanne Doyle
Introduction.
Designing and Developing the SLOC Counting Tool.
Impact of SLOC Counting Tool.
Impact of SLOC Counting Tool on Our CMM Journey.
Impact of SLOC Counting Tool on ISO 9000-3 Activities.
Conclusion.
Biography.
37. Measurement and Analysis in Software Process Improvement.Dennis Goldenson, Joe Jarzombek, and Terry Rout
Why Care about Measurement.
The Need for Explicit and Focused Guidance.
The Need for an Early Focus.
Doing Measurement Right.
Standards and Models.
The Measurement Process.
Practical Software and Systems Measurement.
An Overview of CMMI.
Measurement and Analysis in CMMI.
Describing Good Measurement Practice.
Maturing Measurement Capability.
Implementing Good Measurement Practice.
Maturing Analytic Capability.
Analytic Approaches.
Available Guidance.
Product-based Improvement.
Establishing an Effective Measurement Program.
With Special Respect to the Technical Staff.
What Successful Measurement Programs Have In Common.
Summary and Conclusions.
Acknowledgments.
Biography.
38. What Can Function Point Analysis Do to Support CMM?Li Hongxing
Introduction.
Putting CMM into Practice.
The Role of FPA in CMM Improvement.
A Repeatable Method for Organizations at Lower Levels.
Control the Scope, Productivity, and Function Requirements.
Putting FPA and CMM into Practice in an Organization.
The Need for Detailed Procedures and Guidelines for FPA and CMM.
The Complexity Matrix and Rating Value Matrix of FPA.
Private Backfiring Standards.
FPA Matures with the Maturing Progress of CMM Status.
Accuracy: Popular Misconceptions.
Summary.
Biography.
XII. STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL.
39. Applying Statistical Process Control to Performance Management.
Ron McClintic
Introduction.
The Performance Management Challenge.
Testing and Production.
Issues with Data Collection.
Control Charts Defined.
Using SPC as a Management Tool.
Control Charts in Testing.
SPC in the Software Development Life Cycle.
Summary.
Biography.
40. Applying Statistical Process Control to Software.Edward F. Weller
Business Needs.
Possible Uses.
Why Should I Use SPC?
Prerequisites to Using SPC.
Basics of SPC.
Upper and Lower Control Limit Basics.
Functional Examples.
Inspection Data Analysis.
Preparation Rate.
Defect Data.
Anomalous Patterns.
Control Charts and Predicting Quality.
Defect-Removal Effectiveness.
Cause and Effect Relationships.
Other Uses.
Cost to Implement and Use.
Summary.
Biography.
XIII. METRICS IN E-COMMERCE.
41. The Role of Functional Metrics in B2B E-Commerce Project Success.
Sam Bayer and Vic Tolomei
Introduction.
B2B E-Commerce Primer.
Overall Function Point Counting and Estimation Methodology.
Benefits of Function Point Counting and Estimation.
Extensions to IFPUG CPM 4.1.
The Function Point Counting and Estimation Repository.
The Function Point Counting and Estimation Team-based Process.
Function Point Estimation Worksheet Example Segment.
Other Applications.
Pre-Sales: The Make versus Buy Decision.
Post-Sales: Project Staffing.
During Implementation: Project Control.
Internal Challenges at eSell.
Summary and Conclusions.
Final Questions to Ponder.
Biography.
42. Measuring the Usability of E-Commerce Applications.Loredana Frallicciardi
Introduction.
A Usability Measurement Model.
Measuring Usability Subcharacteristics.
Ease of Use.
Understandability.
Effectiveness.
Efficiency.
Evaluating Usability.
Summary.
Biography.
43. Metrics in E-Commerce: Function Point Analysis and Component-Based Software Measurements.Jacqueline Jones
Introduction.
What Is Component-Based Software?
What Should We Measure?
Marti's Analysis.
Jacque's Analysis.
Will These Measures Work?
Applications.
Components.
Projects.
Reuse.
Summary.
Biography.
Bibliography.Index. 020174158XT03282002
