Production of Sugarcane

I.- I Overture.- 1.1 The Challenge from Artificial Sweeteners.- 1.2 Sugar Agreements.- 1.3 Sugar and Sugarcane Production Trends.- 1.4 Production Potential of Sugarcane.- 1.5 Crop Growth Regulants and Cane/Sugar Production.- 1.6 Crop Models.- 1.7 Ideotypes.- 2 Introduction.- 2.1 History.- 2.2 Origin and Distribution.- 2.3 The Saccharum Complex.- 2.4 Noble Canes and Nobilization.- 2.5 Flowering and Its Control.- 2.6 The Advent of Short Duration/Early Maturing Rich Cane Cultivars.- 2.7 Varietal Decline.- 2.8 Some Applications of Biotechnology to Sugarcane.- 3 Soil and Climatic Requirements.- 3.1 Soils.- 3.1.1 Soil Classification.- 3.1.2 Physicochemical Properties of Soils Influencing Sugarcane Growth.- 3.1.2.1 Structure.- 3.1.2.2 Bulk Density.- 3.1.2.3 Soil Atmosphere.- 3.1.2.4 Thermal Properties.- 3.1.2.5 Water Retention and Transport Characteristics.- 3.1.3 The Rhizosphere.- 3.1.4 Problem Soils.- 3.1.4.1 Saline-Sodic Soils.- 3.1.4.2 Acid Soils.- 3.2 Climate.- 3.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Concentration.- 3.2.2 Pollutants.- 3.2.3 Light.- 3.2.4 Frost Stress.- 3.2.5 Temperature.- 3.2.6 Rainfall and Humidity.- 3.2.7 Other Climatic Parameters.- 4 Seed Bed Preparation, Methods of Planting, After-Care and Cropping Systems.- 4.1 Conventional vs. Minimum Tillage.- 4.2 Planting Methods.- 4.3 Spacings and After-Care.- 4.4 Intercropping and Cropping Systems.- 5 Nutrient Requirements and Fertilization.- 5.1 Nitrogen.- 5.1.1 Nitrogen Concentration and Uptake.- 5.1.2 Nitrogen Use Efficiency.- 5.1.3 Interaction with Genotype and Other Nutrients.- 5.1.4 Nitrate Reduction.- 5.1.5 Slow-Acting N Fertilizers.- 5.1.6 Biological Nitrogen Fixation.- 5.1.7 Nitrogen Sources, Time and Method of Application.- 5.1.8 Nitrogen and Juice Quality.- 5.1.9 Response of Sugarcane to Nitrogen.- 5.2 Phosphorus.- 5.2.1 Fixation of Phosphorus.- 5.2.2 Types of Phosphorus Carrier and Methods of Application.- 5.2.3 Response of Sugarcane to Added Phosphorus.- 5.2.4 Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM).- 5.2.5 Interactions of Phosphorus.- 5.3 Potassium.- 5.3.1 Forms of Soil Potassium.- 5.3.2 Quantity/Intensity (Q/I) and Quantity/Potential (Q/P) Isotherms in Sugarcane Soils.- 5.3.3 Soil K Extractants to Predict K Supply to Sugarcane.- 5.3.4 Field Response of Sugarcane to Applied K.- 5.4 Soil Test, Foliar Analysis and DRIS to Guide Fertilization.- 5.5 Calcium and Magnesium.- 5.6 Silicon.- 5.7 Sulphur.- 5.8 Micronutrients.- 5.8.1 Iron.- 5.8.2 Zinc.- 5.8.3 Manganese.- 5.8.4 Copper.- 5.8.5 Boron.- 5.8.6 Molybdenum.- 5.9 Integrated Nutrient Management.- 6 Irrigation and Drainage.- 6.1 The Root System.- 6.2 Scheduling Irrigation.- 6.3 Water Use Efficiency.- 6.4 Irrigation Methods.- 6.4.1 Surface Irrigation.- 6.4.2 Subirrigation.- 6.4.3 Sprinkler System.- 6.4.4 The Drip System.- 6.5 Drought Stress.- 6.6 Drainage.- 7 Ratooning.- 7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratooning.- 7.2 The Root System in Ratoons.- 7.3 Fertilizer Management.- 7.3.1 Nitrogen.- 7.3.2 Phosphorus.- 7.3.3 Potassium.- 7.4 Time and Method of Fertilizer Application.- 7.5 Secondary and Minor Elements.- 7.6 Foliar Diagnosis.- 7.7 Quality: Ratoon vs. Plant Cane.- 7.8 Population Dynamics.- 7.9 Cultural Requirements.- 7.10 Gap Filling.- 7.11 Number of Ratoons.- 7.12 Ratooning Power of Cane Cultivars.- 7.13 Trash Management.- 7.14 Water Requirement.- 7.15 Management of Weeds, Pests and Diseases Associated with Ratoons.- 7.16 Economics of Ratooning.- 7.17 Effect of Growth Regulants on Ratoon Yield and Quality.- 7.18 Modelling Ratoon Cane.- 8 Weeds, Pests and Diseases.- 8.1 Weeds.- 8.2 Pests.- 8.2.1 Non-Insect Pests.- 8.2.2 Integrated Pest Management.- 8.2.3 Chemical Control.- 8.3 Diseases.- 8.3.1 Fungal Diseases.- 8.3.1.1 Red Rot (Colletotrichum falcatum).- 8.3.1.2 Smut (Ustilago scitaminea).- 8.3.1.3 Wilt (Cephalosporium sacchari).- 8.3.1.4 Eye Spot (Helminthosporium sacchari).- 8.3.1.5 Pineapple Disease (Ceratocystis paradoxa).- 8.3.1.6 'Pokkah boeng' (Gibberella fujikuroi).- 8.3.2 Bacterial Diseases.- 8.3.2.1 Ratoon Stunting Disease.- 8.3.2.2 Leaf Scald (Xanthomonas albilineans).- 8.3.2.3 Gummosis (Xanthomonas campetris pv. vasculorum).- 8.3.3 Mycoplasmal Diseases.- 8.3.3.1 Grassy Shoot Disease (GSD).- 8.3.4 Viral Diseases.- 8.3.4.1 Sugarcane Mosaic Virus.- 8.3.4.2 Sugarcane Fiji Disease.- 8.3.5 Nematodes.- 9 Ripening and Harvest.- 9.1 Ripening.- 9.2 Harvesting.- II.- 10 Fibre and Energy Cane.- 10.1 Fibre Cane.- 10.1.1 Fibre Accumulation.- 10.1.2 Stem Anatomy in Relation to Fibre.- 10.1.3 Tissue Moisture vs. Fibre and Sugar.- 10.1.4 Some Factors Influencing Fibre in Cane.- 10.1.5 Proximate Analysis.- 10.1.6 Varietal Differences in Fibre Content.- 10.1.7 Handling and Storage of Bagasse.- 10.1.7.1 Conservation of Stored Bagasse.- 10.1.7.2 Development of Wet-Pile Technology.- 10.1.7.3 Delignification.- 10.1.7.4 Removal of Pith (Depithing).- 10.1.8 Fibre Properties of Bagasse.- 10.1.9 Bagasse Newsprint.- 10.2 Energy Cane.- 10.2.1 Efficiency of Phytomass Production in Energy Cane.- 10.2.2 Food vs. Fuel Farming.- 10.2.3 Energy Cane: A Management Concept.- 10.2.4 Agronomy of Energy Cane.- 10.2.5 Energy Cane Cultivars.- 10.2.6 An Ideotype of Energy Cane.- 10.2.7 Fuel Alcohols.- 10.2.8 Ethanol from Fermentable Solids.- 10.2.9 Ethanol from Cellulosic Materials.- 11 Cane Development and Transfer of Technology.- 11.1 Technology Transfer.- 11.2 Methods of Cane Purchase.- 11.3 Seed Cane.- 12 Sugar and By-Products from Sugarcane: Recent Developments in Manufacturing Techniques. By Mydur Anand.- 12.1 Essential Steps in Manufacture.- 12.1.1 Cane Handling.- 12.1.1.1 Delivery of Cane to the Mill.- 12.1.1.2 Cane Weighment.- 12.1.1.3 Unloading Systems.- 12.1.2 Cane Sampling.- 12.1.3 Cane Preparation.- 12.1.3.1 Cane Laundering.- 12.1.3.2 Cane Disintegration.- 12.1.4 Milling and Juice Extraction.- 12.1.4.1 Mill Construction.- 12.1.4.2 Three Roller-Six Roller Mills and Pressure Feeding.- 12.1.4.3 Low Pressure Mills.- 12.1.5 Mill Drives.- 12.1.5.1 Types of Drive.- 12.1.5.2 New Drive Systems.- 12.1.5.3 Free Rotating Discharge Rollers.- 12.1.6 Mill Roller Grooves.- 12.1.6.1 Radial Grooves.- 12.1.6.2 Roller Arcing.- 12.1.7 Mill Miscellany.- 12.1.7.1 Hydraulic Loading.- 12.1.7.2 Mill setting.- 12.1.7.3 Imbibition.- 12.1.8 Juice Treatment and Clarification.- 12.1.8.1 Juice Treatment Methods.- 12.1.8.2 Defecation.- 12.1.8.3 Mill White Sugar.- 12.1.8.4 Clarification Equipment.- 12.1.9 Evaporation.- 12.1.9.1 Multiple Effect Evaporation: Vapour Bleeding.- 12.1.9.2 Evaporation Equipment.- 12.1.9.3 Thin-Film Long-Tube Evaporators.- 12.1.10 Syrup Treatment.- 12.1.10.1 Processing.- 12.1.10.2 Melts.- 12.1.11 Pan Boiling and Sugar Crystallization.- 12.1.11.1 Crystallization.- 12.1.11.2 Vacuum Pans and Other Equipment.- 12.1.11.3 Conti-Pans.- 12.1.11.4 Crystallizers.- 12.1.12 Centrifugals and Sugar Handling.- 12.1.12.1 Commercial Sugar.- 12.1.12.2 Sugar Drying.- 12.1.12.3 Sugar Packing, Storage and Distribution.- 12.1.13 Bagasse Use; Steam and Power.- 12.1.13.1 Bagasse use.- 12.1.13.2 Steam and Power: Basis of Projections.- 12.1.13.3 Equipment.- 12.2 By-Products.- References.