Part 1 Overview of language: language of anthropoid; language of human beings - origin of language, development of language, disorder of speech; language and the brain. Part 2 Anatomy of the brain and functional brain imaging: anatomy of the brain - frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, standard brain map; functional brain imaging - positron emission tomography, magnetencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging. Part 3 Language perception: brain level - from the viewpoint of aphasia, brain activities in language perception, development of cortical mechanism of speech perception, disorders of language development and plasticity of the brain, summary; cochlear and the auditory tract level - structure and function of the cochlea, coding of speech sounds in the cochlea, structure and function of the cochlear nuclei, role of the efferent tract, summary. Part 4 Language production: brain level - brain activities in reading written language, brain activities during speaking, temporal process of speech production in the brain, summary; in organs of vocalization and articulation - mechanisms of vocalization, mechanism of articulation. Part 5 Interaction between language production and recognition: brain activities in the language development period - interaction between production and recognition, role of the crebellum, brain activities in the process of language acquisition; brain activities after completion of language development; summary; Part 6 Language recognition from the viewpoint of cochlear implants: principles of cochlear implant; perception of speech sounds with cochlear implants - in the auditory areas, comparison between cochlear implant users and normal individuals, differences in brain activities according to the strategy; cochlear implants in children; summary. Part 7 Summary and prospects of biological lingusitics: role of Wernicke's area in speech perception; activities of the auditory area during language production; relations of language with the cerebellum and supplemenary motor area; cortical activities of cochlear implant users; interactions among different functional areas in the brain; prospects for the future.
