Preface.
1. How Psychologists Study Learning.
Learning in School.
Learning in the Laboratory.
2. The Nature of Learning Theories.
Variables and Laws.
Abstraction.
What Are Learning Theories?
3. Two Early Connectionist Theories.
Pavlov's Conditioning.
Thorndike's Early Connectionism.
4. Contiguity Interpretations of Learning.
Watson's Behaviorism.
Guthrie's One-Principle System.
Guthrie and Watson as Contiguity Theorists.
5. Hull's Formal Theory Building.
The Postulational Method of Theory Construction.
The Theory.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Hull's System.
Hull's Influence on Other Theorists.
6. Skinner's Form of Behaviorism.
The Basic Elements of Skinner's System.
The Effects of Reinforcers.
7. Applications and Implications of Skinner's System.
Behavior Modification.
Education.
Other Applications.
Skinner's Relation to Other Psychologists.
8. Early European Cognitive Theory.
Gestalt Theory.
Piaget and Cognitive Development.
9. Early American Cognitive Theory.
Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism.
Tolman's Continuing Influence.
The Cognitive Revolution.
10. Cognitions, Computers, and Production Systems.
Computers and Learning Theory.
Anderson's ACT Theory.
11. Later Cognitive and Mixed Interpretations.
Cognitive Interpretation of Pavlovian Conditioning.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Explanatory Styles.
The Structure of Learning.
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.
12. The New Connectism.
Problems with Computer Models.
Network Models.
Applications and Evaluation.
13. Issues in Motivation.
Interpretations of Drive and Reinforcement.
Responses as Reinforcers.
Cybernetics.
Opponent-Process Theory.
14. Heredity, Evolution, and Learning.
Species-Specific Behavior.
Preparedness.
Implications for Learning Theory.
The Place of Heredity in Behavior.
15. Learning Theory Past, Present, and Future.
Issues on Which Learning Theories Divide.
Criteria for an Ideal Theory.
The Present-Day Value of Learning Theories.
Summary List of Theorists.
Glossary.
References.
Index.
