Acidification is one of the most serious environmental problems, especially in Sweden, which suffers most from the consequences of acid rain. Besides international negotiations to reduce sulphur emissions - 85% of the acid load on Sweden can be traced to emissions from outside Sweden - the Swedish Government has employed large-scale operative liming activities to counteract acidification of surface waters. The scientific results show that - although acidification cannot be solved by liming - the measures taken resulted in substantially improved conditions in around 8,000 Swedish lakes and watercourses, and other countries affected by acidification may also profit from the Swedish experience.
Rezensionen / Stimmen
"I found the book very informative and the style easy to read. There is a large bibliography accompanying each chapter and the wealth of practical data should make it a useful reference work for those interested or involved in the liming of lakes or streams." Environmental Pollution
Auflage
Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1995
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Zielgruppe
Für Beruf und Forschung
Research
Illustrationen
Maße
Höhe: 235 mm
Breite: 155 mm
Dicke: 27 mm
Gewicht
ISBN-13
978-3-642-79311-0 (9783642793110)
DOI
10.1007/978-3-642-79309-7
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Liming of surface waters in Sweden - a synthesis.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. From trial programme to large-scale liming.- 1.2. Previous documentation of liming activities in Sweden.- 1.3. The aims of the synthesis and the target group.- 1.4. Liming practices in other countries.- 2. Acidification loss of biological diversity and fish catch.- 3. Liming - a part of the Swedish strategy to counteract acidificatioation.- 3.1. Strategy.- 3.2. For how long is liming necessary?.- 3.3. Alternatives and complementary strategies.- 4. Aims and accomplishment.- 4.1. Aims.- 4.2. Extent and accomplishment.- 4.3. Strategies, methods and liming agents.- 5. The effects of liming.- 5.1. Desirable and undesirable effects.- 5.2. Water quality.- 5.3. Biology.- 5.4. Mercury in fish.- 5.5. Socio-economic consequences.- 6. Will liming restore ecosystems?.- 7. Complementary measures.- 8. Lack of knowledge and research needed.- 8.1. Ecological and socio-economic effects.- 8.2. Strategy and methodology.- 9. Conclusions.- 9.1. Overall conclusions.- 9.2. Recommendations for liming of lakes and water-courses.- 9.3. Concluding remarks.- 10. Acknowledgements.- 11. References.- 2 Acidification of lakes and watercourses in a global perspective.- Summary.- 1. Acidification: a complex problem.- 2. Acidification in the aquatic environment.- 3. Causes of acidification.- 4. How much can the environment withstand?.- 5. Outlook and future action.- 6. References.- 3 Acidification of Swedish freshwaters.- Summary 53.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Acidifying load.- 3. The extent of acidification.- 4. Biological impact.- 4.1. Biodiversity.- 4.2. Causes of changes in flora and fauna.- 4.3. Decomposition.- 4.4. Human health.- 5. Necessary action and research.- 6. References.- 4 Strategies and methods forfreshwater liming.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History.- 3. The accumulated liming requirements for soil and water.- 4. Purpose and aims.- 5. Criteria for state grants.- 6. Liming organization.- 6.1. Liming plans and application.- 6.2. Monitoring of effects.- 6.3. Staff.- 6.4. Changes in the liming grant.- 6.5. Extent of liming.- 7. Liming strategies and methods.- 7.1. Strategies.- 7.2. Methods.- 7.2.1 Lake liming.- 7.2.2 Wetland liming.- 7.2.3. Solid ground liming.- 7.2.4. Doser liming.- 7.2.5. Stream liming.- 7.2.6. Ditch liming.- 7.2.7. Road liming.- 7.2.8. Lime precipitation in wastewater treatment plants.- 8. Liming agents and fractions.- 8.1. Agents.- 8.2. Fractions of limestone and dolomite.- 8.3. Quality control of lake lime.- 9. Doses of lime and other neutralizing agents.- 9.1. Lime dissolution rates.- 9.2. Dosage recommendations.- 10. Cost.- 11. Complementary methods.- 12. References.- 5 The effects of liming on water chemistry.- Summar.- 1. Introductio.- 1.1. Materia.- 2. Primary effects of liming.- 2.1. Primary water chemistry reactions.- 2.2. Acidic episodes.- 2.3. Lake liming.- 2.3.1. Whole-lake liming.- 2.3.2. Littoral liming.- 2.3.3. Soda.- 2.4. Liming of watercourses.- 2.5. Catchment liming.- 3. Secondary physical-chemical effects.- 3.1. Physical effects.- 3.2. Effects on water chemistry.- 3.2.1. Organic substances and optical characteristics.- 3.2.2. Phosphorus compounds.- 3.2.3. Nitrogen compounds.- 3.2.4. Trace metals.- 3.2.5. Aluminium.- 3.2.6. Iron and manganese.- 3.2.7. Other trace metals.- 3.3. Changes in sediment chemistr.- 4. Effects of liming in entire aquatic systems.- 4.1. River Fylleån.- 4.2. River Enningdalsälven.- 5. Effects of liming activities on water chemistry.- 5.1. Comparisons between limed and non-limed waters.- 5.2.Comparison with results from model calculations.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- 6 The effects of liming on microbial activity and the decomposition of organic material.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bacterial density and microbial biomass.- 3. Microbial activity.- 3.1. Microbial activity in the water.- 3.2. Microbial activity in the sediment.- 4. Decomposition of coarse detritus.- 5. References.- 7 The effects of liming on aquatic flora.- Summary.- 1. The conditions for flora in acidified and limed lakes.- 1.1. Acidification.- 1.2. Liming.- 2.Phytoplankton.- 2.1. Impact of acidification.- 2.2. Number of species and composition of species after liming.- 2.2.1. Clear-water lakes.- 2.2.2. Humic lakes.- 2.3. Biomass and primary production after liming.- 3. Epiphytic algae.- 3.1. Impact of acidification.- 3.2. Number and composition of species.- 3.3. Biomass and abundance.- 4. Macrophytes.- 4.1. Impact of acidification.- 4.2. Number and composition of species.- 4.3. Abundance and primary production.- 5. Wetland vegetation.- 5.1. Impact of acidification.- 5.2. Number and composition of species.- 5.3. Biomass and density.- 5.4. Potential long-term effects.- 6. References.- 8 The effects of liming on aquatic fauna.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Lakes.- 2.1. Fish and crayfish.- 2.1.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 2.1.2. Number of species.- 2.1.3. Recruitment and number of individuals.- 2.1.4. The structure of fish communities.- 2.2. Zooplankton.- 2.2.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 2.2.2. Species composition and diversity.- 2.2.3. The structure of the zooplankton community.- 2.3. Benthic fauna and pelagic insects.- 2.3.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 2.3.2. Composition of species and number of species.- 2.3.3.Abundance.- 2.4. Birds.- 2.4.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 2.4.2. The effects of liming.- 2.5. Frogs.- 2.5.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 2.5.2. The effects of liming.- 3. Running waters.- 3.1. Fish.- 3.1.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 3.1.2. Number of species.- 3.1.3. Recruitment and number of individuals.- 3.1.4. Growth and production of individuals.- 3.1.5. The structure of fish communities.- 3.2. Benthic fauna.- 3.2.1. Background - the impact of acidification.- 3.2.2. Number of species and density.- 3.2.3. Functional groups.- 4. Can the original fauna be restored after liming?.- 5. Factors affecting the post-liming development of fauna.- 5.1. Water chemistry.- 5.2. Liming strategies.- 5.3. Recolonization.- 6. References.- 9 The impact of liming on aquatic communities.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Communities of organisms.- 3. Short-term and long-term effects of liming.- 4. Post-liming abiotic factors.- 5. Acidification and community development.- 6. Productivity and community structure.- 7. Biotic factors: competition as a controlling factor.- 8. "Bottom-up" effects.- 9. "Top-down" effects.- 10. Predation and changeable environments.- 11. Parasites and disease: an unknown factor?.- 12. Stability of post-liming communities.- 13. Trophic levels and food chains.- 14. Can acidified communities be restored?.- 15. Acknowledgements.- 16. References.- 10 Liming strategies and effects: the Lake Gårdsjön case study.- 1. Documentation.- 2. Geographical orientation.- 3. Acidification status.- 3.1. Interactions in the pelagic zone.- 4. Liming strategy and re-introduction of fish.- 5. The effects of liming.- 5.1. Water chemistry.- 5.2. Pelagic organisms.- 5.2.1. Post-liming interactions in the pelagic zone.-5.2.5. Interactions in the pelagic zone after re-introduction of fish.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 11 Liming strategies and effects: the Lake Västra Skälsjön case study.- 1. Documentation.- 2. Geographical orientation.- 3. Acidification status.- 4. Liming strategy.- 5. Effects of liming.- 5.1. Water chemistry.- 5.2. Flora.- 5.3. Zooplankton and benthic fauna.- 5.4. Fish.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 12 Liming strategies and effects: the Lake Stora Härsjön case study.- 1. Documentation.- 2. Geographical orientation.- 3. Acidification status.- 4. Liming strategy.- 5. The effects of liming.- 5.1. Phytoplankton.- 5.2. Zooplankton.- 5.3. Benthic fauna.- 5.4. Fish.- 5.5. Comparison of different trophic levels.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 13 Liming strategies and effects: the Lake Gyslättasjön case study.- 1. Documentation.- 2. Geographical orientation.- 3. Acidification status.- 4. Liming strategy.- 5. Effects of liming.- 5.1. Water chemistry.- 5.2. Phytoplankton.- 5.3. Zooplankton.- 5.4. The littoral benthic fauna.- 5.5. Fish.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 14 Liming strategies and effects: the River Högvadsån case study.- 1. Documentation.- 2. Geographical orientation.- 3. Acidification status.- 4. Liming strategy.- 5. Effects of liming.- 5.1. Water chemistry.- 5.2. Salmon stock.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 15 Liming strategies and effects: the Prästvallsbäcken Stream case study.- 1. Documentation.- 2. Geographical orientation.- 3. Acidification status.- 4. Liming strategy.- 5. Effects of liming.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 16 Liming effects on mercury concentrations in fish.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Study lakes.- 2.2. Treatments.- 2.3. Sampling and analyses.- 2.4. Calculations.- 3. Results and discussion.-3.1. Pre-treatment situation.- 3.2. Liming.- 3.3. Development of Hg concentrations in pike after liming.- 3.4. Potential mechanisms.- 3.5. Cost-benefit analysis.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- 17 Supplementary measures to aquatic liming.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measures to promote colonization and re-establish locally extinct species.- 2.1. Habitat improvement.- 2.2. Removal of migration obstacles and building of fish-ways.- 2.3. Restocking existing populations.- 2.4. Decimation fishing.- 2.5. Other measures.- 3. Reintroduction of locally extinct species.- 3.1. Salmonid fish (Atlantic salmon, trout, grayling and Arctic char).- 3.2. Other species of fish.- 3.3. Crayfish and other invertebrates.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 18 Socio-economic consequences of aquatic liming.- Summary.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Examples of the value of recreational salmon fishing, the impact of acid rain and the benefit of liming.- 3.1. Canada.- 3.2. Scotland.- 3.3. England.- 3.4. Iceland.- 3.5. Norway.- 3.6. Sweden.- 4. Cost-benefit studies of liming.- 4.1. The pre-liming recreational value of salmon and trout fishing in a Norwegian river.- 4.2. The socio-economic value of liming in Audna.- 5. Liming, commercial fishing, fish farming and aquaculture.- 5.1. Commercial fishing.- 5.2. Fish farming and aquaculture.- 6. The effects of liming on recreational fishing, leisure and tourism.- 6.1. Recreational fishing and liming in Sweden.- 6.1.1. Forest Service fishing projects.- 6.1.2. The Älvkarleby study.- 6.1.3. The Blekinge County Council study.- 6.1.4. The River Mörrumsån study.- 6.1.5. The West Coast study.- 7. Examples of the value of liming to recreational fishing.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Results and discussion.- 7.2.1. RiverHögvadsån.- 7.2.2. River Mörrumsån.- 7.2.3. Lake Lilla Le.- 7.2.4. Lake Unden.- 7.2.5. Fulufjället.- 7.2.6. Lake Bolmen.- 7.2.7. Hökensås.- 7.2.8. The Delsjö area.- 7.2.9. Lake Rottnen.- 8. Liming and mercury.- 9. Liming and caesium.- 10. Liming and environmental commitment.- 11. Acknowledgements.- 12. References.
