FOREWORD xix
PREFACE xxi
ABBREVIATIONS xxv
PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Lipids and Lipidomics 3
1.1 Lipids, 3
1.1.1 Definition, 3
1.1.2 Classification, 4
1.1.2.1 Lipid MAPS Approach, 7
1.1.2.2 Building Block Approach, 10
1.2 Lipidomics, 13
1.2.1 Definition, 13
1.2.2 History of Lipidomics, 14
References, 16
2 Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics 21
2.1 Ionization Techniques, 21
2.1.1 Electrospray Ionization, 22
2.1.1.1 Principle of Electrospray Ionization, 22
2.1.1.2 Features of Electrospray Ionization for Lipid Analysis, 28
2.1.1.3 Advent of ESI for Lipid Analysis: Nano-ESI and Off-Axis Ion Inlets, 30
2.1.2 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, 30
2.2 Mass Analyzers, 32
2.2.1 Quadrupole, 32
2.2.2 Time of Flight, 33
2.2.3 Ion Trap, 35
2.3 Detector, 36
2.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques, 37
2.4.1 Product-Ion Analysis, 37
2.4.2 Neutral-Loss Scan, 39
2.4.3 Precursor-Ion Scan, 39
2.4.4 Selected Reaction Monitoring, 39
2.4.5 Interweaving Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques, 40
2.5 Other Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry for Lipid Analysis, 42
2.5.1 Ion-Mobility Mass Spectrometry, 43
2.5.2 Desorption Electrospray Ionization, 43
References, 45
3 Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Approaches 53
3.1 Introduction, 53
3.2 Shotgun Lipidomics: Direct Infusion-Based Approaches, 54
3.2.1 Devices for Direct Infusion, 54
3.2.2 Features of Shotgun Lipidomics, 55
3.2.3 Shotgun Lipidomics Approaches, 56
3.2.3.1 Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Lipidomics, 56
3.2.3.2 High Mass Accuracy-Based Shotgun Lipidomics, 56
3.2.3.3 Multidimensional MS-Based Shotgun Lipidomics, 57
3.2.4 Advantages and Drawbacks, 63
3.2.4.1 Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Lipidomics, 63
3.2.4.2 High Mass Accuracy-Based Shotgun Lipidomics, 63
3.2.4.3 Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Lipidomics, 64
3.3 LC-MS-Based Approaches, 65
3.3.1 General, 65
3.3.1.1 Selected Ion Monitoring for LC-MS, 66
3.3.1.2 Selected/Multiple Reaction Monitoring for LC-MS, 67
3.3.1.3 Data-Dependent Analysis after LC-MS, 67
3.3.2 LC-MS-Based Approaches for Lipidomics, 68
3.3.2.1 Normal-Phase LC-MS-Based Approaches, 68
3.3.2.2 Reversed-Phase LC-MS-Based Approaches, 69
3.3.2.3 Hydrophilic Interaction LC-MS-Based Approaches, 71
3.3.2.4 Other LC-MS-Based Approaches, 72
3.3.3 Advantages and Drawbacks, 72
3.3.4 Identification of Lipid Species after LC-MS, 73
3.4 MALDI-MS for Lipidomics, 74
3.4.1 General, 74
3.4.2 Analysis of Lipid Extracts, 74
3.4.3 Advantages and Drawbacks, 75
3.4.4 Recent Advances in MALDI-MS for Lipidomics, 76
3.4.4.1 Utilization of Novel Matrices, 76
3.4.4.2 (HP)TLC-MALDI-MS, 78
3.4.4.3 Matrix-Free Laser Desorption/Ionization
Approaches, 78
References, 79
4 Variables in Mass Spectrometry for Lipidomics 89
4.1 Introduction, 89
4.2 Variables in Lipid Extraction (i.e., Multiplex Extraction Conditions), 89
4.2.1 The pH Conditions of Lipid Extraction, 89
4.2.2 Solvent Polarity of Lipid Extraction, 90
4.2.3 Intrinsic Chemical Properties of Lipids, 90
4.3 Variables in the Infusion Solution, 91
4.3.1 Polarity, Composition, Ion Pairing, and Other Variations in the Infusion Solution, 91
4.3.2 Variations of the Levels or Composition of a Modifier in the Infusion Solution, 93
4.3.3 Lipid Concentration in the Infusion Solution, 97
4.4 Variables in Ionization, 98
4.4.1 Source Temperature, 98
4.4.2 Spray Voltage, 99
4.4.3 Injection/Eluent Flow Rate, 100
4.5 Variables in Building-Block monitoring with MS/MS Scanning, 102
4.5.1 Precursor-Ion Scanning of a Fragment Ion Whose m/z Serves as a Variable, 102
4.5.2 Neutral-Loss Scanning of a Neutral Fragment Whose Mass Serves as a Variable, 102
4.5.3 Fragments Associated with the Building Blocks are the Variables in Product-Ion MS Analysis, 103
4.6 Variables in Collision, 104
4.6.1 Collision Energy, 104
4.6.2 Collision-Gas Pressure, 104
4.6.3 Collision Gas Type, 108
4.7 Variables in Separation, 108
4.7.1 Charge Properties in Intrasource Separation, 108
4.7.2 Elution Time in LC Separation, 111
4.7.3 Matrix Properties in Selective Ionization by MALDI, 112
4.7.4 Drift Time (or Collision Cross Section) in Ion-Mobility Separation, 112
4.8 Conclusion, 114
References, 114
5 Bioinformatics in Lipidomics 121
5.1 Introduction, 121
5.2 Lipid Libraries and Databases, 122
5.2.1 Lipid MAPS Structure Database, 122
5.2.2 Building-Block Concept-Based Theoretical Databases, 123
5.2.3 LipidBlast - in silico Tandem Mass Spectral Library, 129
5.2.4 METLIN Database, 130
5.2.5 Human Metabolome Database, 131
5.2.6 LipidBank Database, 131
5.3 Bioinformatics Tools in Automated Lipid Data Processing, 132
5.3.1 LC-MS Spectral Processing, 132
5.3.2 Biostatistical Analyses and Visualization, 134
5.3.3 Annotation for Structure of Lipid Species, 135
5.3.4 Software Packages for Common Data Processing, 136
5.3.4.1 XCMS, 136
5.3.4.2 MZmine 2, 136
5.3.4.3 A Practical Approach for Determination of Mass Spectral Baselines, 137
5.3.4.4 LipidView, 137
5.3.4.5 LipidSearch, 137
5.3.4.6 SimLipid, 138
5.3.4.7 MultiQuant, 139
5.3.4.8 Software Packages for Shotgun Lipidomics, 139
5.4 Bioinformatics for Lipid Network/Pathway Analysis and Modeling, 139
5.4.1 Reconstruction of Lipid Network/Pathway, 139
5.4.2 Simulation of Lipidomics Data for Interpretation of Biosynthesis Pathways, 140
5.4.3 Modeling of Spatial Distributions and Biophysical
5.5 Integration of "Omics", 143
5.5.1 Integration of Lipidomics with Other Omics, 143
5.5.2 Lipidomics Guides Genomics Analysis, 144
References, 145
PART II CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPIDS 151
6 Introduction 153
6.1 Structural Characterization for Lipid Identification, 153
6.2 Pattern Recognition for Lipid Identification, 157
6.2.1 Principles of Pattern Recognition, 157
6.2.2 Examples, 159
6.2.2.1 Choline Lysoglycerophospholipid, 159
6.2.2.2 Sphingomyelin, 161
6.2.2.3 Triacylglycerol, 164
6.2.3 Summary, 169
References, 170
7 Fragmentation Patterns of Glycerophospholipids 173
7.1 Introduction, 173
7.2 Choline Glycerophospholipid, 175
7.2.1 Positive Ion Mode, 175
7.2.1.1 Protonated Species, 175
7.2.1.2 Alkaline Adducts, 175
7.2.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 178
7.3 Ethanolamine Glycerophospholipid, 180
7.3.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 180
7.3.1.1 Protonated Species, 180
7.3.1.2 Alkaline Adducts, 180
7.3.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 182
7.3.2.1 Deprotonated Species, 182
7.3.2.2 Derivatized Species, 183
7.4 Phosphatidylinositol and Phosphatidylinositides, 184
7.4.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 184
7.4.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 184
7.5 Phosphatidylserine, 185
7.5.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 185
7.5.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 186
7.6 Phosphatidylglycerol, 186
7.6.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 186
7.6.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 186
7.7 Phosphatidic Acid, 187
7.7.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 187
7.7.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 188
7.8 Cardiolipin, 188
7.9 Lysoglycerophospholipids, 190
7.9.1 Choline Lysoglycerophospholipids, 190
7.9.2 Ethanolamine Lysoglycerophospholipids, 191
7.9.3 Anionic Lysoglycerophospholipids, 193
7.10 Other Glycerophospholipids, 193
7.10.1 N-Acyl Phosphatidylethanolamine, 193
7.10.2 N-Acyl Phosphatidylserine, 194
7.10.3 Acyl Phosphatidylglycerol, 194
7.10.4 Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, 194
7.10.5 Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid, 196
References, 196
8 Fragmentation Patterns of Sphingolipids 201
8.1 Introduction, 201
8.2 Ceramide, 202
8.2.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 202
8.2.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 203
8.3 Sphingomyelin, 205
8.3.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 205
8.3.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 205
8.4 Cerebroside, 205
8.4.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 205
8.4.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 207
8.5 Sulfatide, 208
8.6 Oligoglycosylceramide and Gangliosides, 208
8.7 Inositol Phosphorylceramide, 210
8.8 Sphingolipid Metabolites, 210
8.8.1 Sphingoid Bases, 210
8.8.2 Sphingoid-1-Phosphate, 212
8.8.3 Lysosphingomyelin, 212
8.8.4 Psychosine, 213
References, 213
9 Fragmentation Patterns of Glycerolipids 217
9.1 Introduction, 217
9.2 Monoglyceride, 218
9.3 Diglyceride, 218
9.4 Triglyceride, 222
9.5 Hexosyl Diacylglycerol, 223
9.6 Other Glycolipids, 224
References, 226
10 Fragmentation Patterns of Fatty Acids and Modified Fatty Acids 229
10.1 Introduction, 229
10.2 Nonesterified Fatty Acid, 230
10.2.1 Underivatized Nonesterified Fatty Acid, 230
10.2.1.1 Positive-Ion Mode, 230
10.2.1.2 Negative-Ion Mode, 230
10.2.2 Derivatized Nonesterified Fatty Acid, 233
10.2.2.1 Off-Line Derivatization, 233
10.2.2.2 Online Derivatization (Ozonolysis), 234
10.3 Modified Fatty Acid, 234
10.4 Fatty Acidomics, 238
References, 241
11 Fragmentation Patterns of other Bioactive Lipid Metabolites 243
11.1 Introduction, 243
11.2 Acylcarnitine, 244
11.3 Acyl CoA, 245
11.4 Endocannabinoids, 246
11.4.1 N-Acyl Ethanolamine, 247
11.4.2 2-Acyl Glycerol, 247
11.4.3 N-Acyl Amino Acid, 247
11.5 4-Hydroxyalkenal, 248
11.6 Chlorinated Lipids, 251
11.7 Sterols and Oxysterols, 251
11.8 Fatty Acid-Hydroxy Fatty Acids, 252
References, 253
12 Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Lipids 259
12.1 Introduction, 259
12.1.1 Samples Suitable for MS Imaging of Lipids, 260
12.1.2 Sample Processing/Preparation, 260
12.1.3 Matrix Application, 261
12.1.3.1 Matrix Application, 261
12.1.3.2 Matrix Application Methods, 262
12.1.4 Data Processing, 263
12.1.4.1 Biomap, 263
12.1.4.2 FlexImaging, 264
12.1.4.3 MALDI Imaging Team Imaging Computing
System (MITICS), 264
12.1.4.4 DataCube Explorer, 264
12.1.4.5 imzML, 264
12.2 MALDI-MS Imaging, 264
12.3 Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging, 267
12.4 DESI-MS Imaging, 268
12.5 Ion-Mobility Imaging, 270
12.6 Advantages and Drawbacks of Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Lipids, 270
12.6.1 Advantages, 270
12.6.2 Limitations, 272
References, 272
PART III QUANTIFICATION OF LIPIDS IN LIPIDOMICS 281
13 Sample Preparation 283
13.1 Introduction, 283
13.2 Sampling, Storage, and Related Concerns, 284
13.2.1 Sampling, 284
13.2.2 Sample Storage Prior to Extraction, 286
13.2.3 Minimizing Autoxidation, 287
13.3 Principles and Methods of Lipid Extraction, 288
13.3.1 Principles of Lipid Extraction, 289
13.3.2 Internal Standards, 292
13.3.3 Lipid Extraction Methods, 295
13.3.3.1 Folch Extraction, 295
13.3.3.2 Bligh-Dyer Extraction, 296
13.3.3.3 MTBE Extraction, 297
13.3.3.4 BUME Extraction, 298
13.3.3.5 Extraction of Plant Samples, 298
13.3.3.6 Special Cases, 298
13.3.4 Contaminants and Artifacts in Extraction, 299
13.3.5 Storage of Lipid Extracts, 300
References, 300
14 Quantification of Individual Lipid Species in Lipidomics 305
14.1 Introduction, 305
14.2 Principles of Quantifying Lipid Species by Mass Spectrometry, 308
14.3 Methods for Quantification in Lipidomics, 312
14.3.1 Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Method, 312
14.3.2 Two-Step Quantification Approach Used in MDMS-SL, 317
14.3.3 Selected Ion Monitoring Method, 321
14.3.4 Selected Reaction Monitoring Method, 324
14.3.5 High Mass Accuracy Mass Spectrometry
Approach, 327
References, 329
15 Factors Affecting Accurate Quantification of Lipids 335
15.1 Introduction, 335
15.2 Lipid Aggregation, 336
15.3 Linear Dynamic Range of Quantification, 337
15.4 Nuts and Bolts of Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Lipids, 339
15.5 Ion Suppression, 341
15.6 Spectral Baseline, 343
15.7 The Effects of Isotopes, 344
15.8 Minimal Number of Internal Standards for Quantification, 347
15.9 In-Source Fragmentation, 349
15.10 Quality of Solvents, 350
15.11 Miscellaneous in Quantitative Analysis of Lipids, 350
References, 350
16 Data Quality Control and Interpretation 353
16.1 Introduction, 353
16.2 Data Quality Control, 354
16.3 Recognition of Lipid Metabolism Pathways for Data Interpretation, 355
16.3.1 Sphingolipid Metabolic Pathway Network, 356
16.3.2 Network of Glycerophospholipid Biosynthesis Pathways, 356
16.3.3 Glycerolipid Metabolism, 359
16.3.4 Interrelationship between Different Lipid Categories, 360
16.4 Recognition of Lipid Functions for Data Interpretation, 360
16.4.1 Lipids Serve as Cellular Membrane Components, 360
16.4.2 Lipids Serve as Cellular Energy Storage Depots, 363
16.4.3 Lipids Serve as Signaling Molecules, 365
16.4.4 Lipids Play Other Cellular Roles, 366
16.5 Recognizing the Complication of Sample Inhomogeneity and Cellular Compartments in Data Interpretation, 368
16.6 Integration of "Omics" for Data Supporting, 369
References, 370
PART IV APPLICATIONS OF LIPIDOMICS IN BIOMEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH 377
17 Lipidomics for Health and Disease 379
17.1 Introduction, 379
17.2 Diabetes and Obesity, 380
17.3 Cardiovascular Diseases, 382
17.4 Nonalcohol Fatty Liver Disease, 383
17.5 Alzheimer's disease, 385
17.6 Psychosis, 387
17.7 Cancer, 388
17.8 Lipidomics in Nutrition, 390
17.8.1 Lipidomics in Determination of the Effects of Specific Diets or Challenge Tests, 391
17.8.2 Lipidomics to Control Food Quality, 392
References, 393
18 Plant Lipidomics 405
18.1 Introduction, 405
18.2 Characterization of Lipids Special to Plant Lipidome, 406
18.2.1 Galactolipids, 407
18.2.2 Sphingolipids, 408
18.2.3 Sterols and Derivatives, 410
18.2.4 Sulfolipids, 410
18.2.5 Lipid A and Intermediates, 411
18.3 Lipidomics for Plant Biology, 411
18.3.1 Stress-Induced Changes of Plant Lipidomes, 411
18.3.1.1 Lipid Alterations in Plants Induced by Temperature Changes, 411
18.3.1.2 Wounding-Induced Alterations in Plastidic Lipids, 415
18.3.1.3 Phosphorus Deficiency-Resulted Changes of Glycerophospholipids and Galactolipids, 416
18.3.2 Changes of Plant Lipidomes during Development, 416
18.3.2.1 Alterations in Lipids during Development of Cotton Fibers, 416
18.3.2.2 Changes of Lipids during Potato Tuber Aging and Sprouting, 417
18.3.3 Characterization of Gene Function by Lipidomics, 417
18.3.3.1 Role of Fatty Acid Desaturases and DHAP Reductase in Systemic Acquired Resistance, 417
18.3.3.2 Roles of Phospholipases in Response to Freezing, 419
18.3.3.3 Role of PLDzeta in Phosphorus Deficiency-Induced Lipid Changes, 419
18.3.4 Lipidomics Facilitates Improvement of Genetically Modified Food Quality, 420
References, 421
19 Lipidomics on Yeast and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 427
19.1 Introduction, 427
19.2 Yeast Lipidomics, 428
19.2.1 Protocol for Analysis of Yeast Lipidomes by Mass Spectrometry, 428
19.2.2 Quantitative Analysis of Yeast Lipidome, 430
19.2.3 Comparative Lipidomics Studies on Different Yeast Strains, 431
19.2.4 Lipidomics of Yeast for Lipid Biosynthesis and Function, 432
19.2.5 Determining the Effects of Growth Conditions on Yeast Lipidomes, 435
19.3 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipidomics, 436
References, 438
20 Lipidomics on Cell Organelle and Subcellular Membranes 443
20.1 Introduction, 443
20.2 Golgi, 444
20.3 Lipid Droplets, 445
20.4 Lipid Rafts, 447
20.5 Mitochondrion, 449
20.6 Nucleus, 452
20.7 Conclusion, 453
References, 454
INDEX
