Forest Ecosystems in Industrial Regions

1. The Niepo?omice Forest: Existing Features.- 1.1 Flora and Vegetation of the Niepo?omice Forest.- 1.1.1 Tree Layer.- 1.1.2 Flora.- 1.1.3 Forest Communities.- 1.2 Soils.- 1.3 Climate.- 1.3.1 Solar Radiation and Insolation.- 1.3.2 Air Circulation.- 1.3.3 Thermal Relations.- 1.3.4 Atmospheric Precipitation.- 1.3.5 Air Humidity.- 1.3.6 Final Remarks.- 1.4 History of the Niepo?omice Forest.- 1.4.1 Forest Management.- 1.4.2 Water Relationships.- 1.4.3 Wildlife.- 1.4.4 Concluding Remarks.- 1.5 Bioindication of Environmental Deterioration.- 2. Transport and Input of Air Pollutants in the Niepolomice Forest Area.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Emission of Industrial Air Pollutants.- 2.2.1 Emission by Distant Industrial Complexes.- 2.2.2 Emission by Adjacent Industrial Installations.- 2.3 Evaluation of Aerosol Pollution Transport Using Remote-Sensing Methods.- 2.4 Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollutant Spread in Forest Areas.- 2.5 Concentration, Transformation, and Deposition of Sulfur Compounds.- 2.5.1 Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfate Aerosol.- 2.5.2 Estimation of the Dry Deposition of Sulfur.- 2.5.3 Wet Deposition of Sulfur.- 2.5.4 Precipitation Acidity.- 2.5.5 Input of Sulfur to the Substrate.- 2.5.6 Particulate Matter.- 2.6 Input and Mineral Composition of Dust to the Substrate.- 2.6.1 Amounts of Dust Fall.- 2.6.2 Highly Soluble Particulate Components.- 2.6.3 Slightly Soluble Particulate Components.- 2.6.4 Chemical Composition of the Dust Fall.- 2.6.5 Geochemical Characteristics of the Substrate.- 2.7 Conclusion.- 3. Primary Production in the Niepo?omice Forest Ecosystems.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Growing Stock and Increment of Tree Stands.- 3.2.1 The Characteristics of Tree Stands of the Niepolomice Forest.- 3.2.2 Dendrometric Characteristics of Tree Stands in Selected Areas.- 3.2.3 Productivity of Tree Stands.- 3.3 Photosynthetic Productivity.- 3.3.1 Seasonal Changes in the Photosynthetic Activity of Leaves in Areas with Variable Air Pollution.- 3.3.2 Seasonal Photosynthetic Production and Respiration in Leaves of Selected Tree Species.- 3.3.3 Productivity and Accumulation of Solar Energy in Oak-Horn-beam Forests.- 3.3.4 Seasonal Changes in the Rate of Photosynthesis and Respiration of Pine Shoots.- 3.3.5 Effects of Industrial Air Pollution on the Morphology and Abundance of Pine Needles.- 3.3.6 Potential Photosynthetic Production of Long Pine Shoots.- 3.3.7 Estimation of Photosynthetic Production of Pine Forests.- 3.4 Productivity of the Herb Layer.- 3.4.1 Study Areas.- 3.4.2 Methods.- 3.4.3 Production of the Herb Layer in Forest Communities.- 3.4.4 Discussion.- 3.5 Productivity of Nonforest Vegetation.- 3.5.1 Nonforest Communities.- 3.5.2 Productivity of Nonforest Communities.- 3.6 The Concentration of Nutrients and Pollutants in Plant Materials in the Niepo?omice Forest.- 3.7 Conclusions.- 4. Energy and Matter Flow Through Consumers in the Niepolomice Forest Ecosystem.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Ecology, Energetics and the Significance of Phytophagous Insects in Deciduous and Coniferous Forests.- 4.2.1 Sampling Plots.- 4.2.2 Species Composition, Bioenergetics, and Biomass Structure.- 4.2.3 Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium) in Insect Bodies and Excrement.- 4.2.4 Phytophagous Insects in the Ecosystems of the Niepo?omice Forest.- 4.2.5 Effects of Industrial Pollution on the Insect Fauna.- 4.3 Energy and Matter Flow Through Homeothermic Consumers.- 4.3.1 Energy and Matter Flow Through Rodents.- 4.3.2 Energy and Matter Flow Through Ungulates.- 4.3.3 Energy and Matter Flow Through Bird Populations.- 4.3.4 Energy and Matter Flow Through Carnivores.- 4.4 Flow of Heavy Metals Through Selected Homeotherm Consumers.- 4.5 Impact of Consumers on the Forest Ecosystems of the Niepolomice Forest.- 5. Decomposition in the Pine Forests on Niepo?omice.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Study Areas.- 5.3 Matter Dynamics and Balance in the Litter.- 5.4 Turnover Rate of Matter in Forest Ecosystems.- 5.5 Decomposition Rate of Dead Organic Matter.- 6. The Outflow of Macro- and Microelements from the Niepo?omice Forest Watersheds.- 6.1 The Watershed and Typical Streams of the Niepolomice Forest.- 6.1.1 Watershed of Selected Streams.- 6.1.2 Analysis of Water Flow in Traczówka Creek.- 6.1.3 Average Annual Flow in Traczówka and Smigne Creeks.- 6.2 Effect of Drainage Systems on the Hydrological Regime of the Niepo?omice Forest.- 6.3 Hydrobiologic Characteristics of Selected Streams.- 6.3.1 Bacteriological Characteristics of the Streams.- 6.3.2 Concentration of Dissolved Proteins and Free Amino Acids in the Streams.- 6.3.3 Variation in the Trophic Value of Water.- 6.3.4 Characteristics of Phytoplankton.- 6.3.5 Hydrobiological Characteristics of the Streams.- 6.4 Outflow of Macroelements from the Forest Watershed Affected by Industrial Air Pollution.- 6.4.1 Characteristics of the Creeks.- 6.4.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of the Water.- 6.4.3 Ionic Composition of the Water.- 6.4.4 Organic Matter and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds in the Water.- 6.4.5 Chemical Erosion by the Streams.- 6.4.6 Mechanisms of Macroelement Run-Off from the Traczówka Watershed.- 6.5 Outflow and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Streams of the Noepo?omice Forest.- 6.5.1 Seasonal Variation in Water Flow in the Southern Forest Complex.- 6.5.2 Concentration of Heavy Metals.- 6.5.3 Seasonal Variation in the Daily Outflow of Heavy Metals.- 6.5.4 Spatial Variation in the Outflow of Heavy Metals from the Southern Forest Complex.- 6.5.5 Outflow and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Streams.- 6.5.6 Transport and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Niepo?omice Forest.- 6.6 Conclusion.- 7. Energy, Nutrient, and Pollutant Budgets of the Forest Ecosystems.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Biomass Production, Nutrient Uptake, and Pollutant Accumulation by Plants.- 7.2.1 Data Sources.- 7.2.2 Energy Budget of Primary Production.- 7.2.3 Standing Crop of Biomass, Energy, and Chemical Elements.- 7.2.4 Nutrient Uptake by Forest Vegetation.- 7.2.5 Heavy Metal Accumulation.- 7.2.6 Standing Crop, Production, and Turnover Rates of Biomass, Energy, Nutrients, and Pollutants.- 7.3 Energy and Matter Flow Through Consumer Populations.- 7.3.1 Energy and Nutrient Intake by Consumers.- 7.3.2 Intake and Accumulation of Pollutants by Consumers.- 7.4 Chemical Budgets in the Forested Ecosystems.- 7.5 Discussion.- 7.5.1 Primary Production.- 7.5.2 Nutrient Budgets.- 7.5.3 Pollutant Budgets.- 7.5.4 The General Pattern of Energy, Nutrient, and Pollutant Behavior in Forest Ecosystems.- 7.5.5 Disruptions in Elemental Cycles and the Future of the Niepo?omice Forest.- 7.6 Appendix.- 8. Concepts of Forest Management in Industrial Regions.- 8.1 Forest Functions in Industrial Regions.- 8.2 Stand Conformity with Site.- 8.3 Site Formation.- 8.4 Selection of Trees and Shrubs for Forest Restructuring in Industrial Regions.- 8.4.1 Tolerance of Trees and Shrubs to Industrial Fumes.- 8.4.2 Principles of Seed and Nursery Work.- 8.5 The Niepo?omice Forest as an Example of a Forest Affected by Industrial Stress.- References.