Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Implantation

I: Perspectives.- 1 Viviparity.- I. Introduction.- II. Viviparity as a Reproductive Mechanism.- III. Adaptations for Ovoviviparity and Viviparity in Invertebrates.- IV. Adaptations for Viviparity in Fishes.- A. Elasmobranchs.- B. Teleosts.- C. Latimeria: The Living Coelacanth.- V. Amphibian Viviparity.- VI. Reptilian Viviparity.- VII. Adaptations for Viviparity in Mammals.- A. Monotremes (Prototheria).- B. Marsupials (Metatheria).- C. Eutheria.- VIII. The Corpus Luteum and the Establishment of Pregnancy.- IX. The Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy.- X. Immunological Transactions in Early Pregnancy.- References.- 2 My Life with Mammalian Eggs.- I. Introduction.- II. In Vitro Fertilization of Mammalian Eggs.- III. Storage and Transfer of Eggs.- IV. Interspecific Fertilization and Egg Transfer.- V. Effects of Steroids and Other Compounds on the Transportation and Development of Eggs.- VI Summary.- References.- II: Cell Biology of the Developing Egg.- 3 The Origin of Trophoblast and Its Role in Implantation.- I. Introduction.- II. The Trophectoderm Cell Lineage.- A. What Is Trophoblast?.- B. How and When Is the Trophectoderm Cell Lineage Established?.- III. The Role of the Trophectoderm Cell Lineage in Implantation.- A. Uterus-Trophectoderm-ICM Interactions.- B. Species Specificity of the Trophoblast-Uterine Interaction.- IV. Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 4 The Generation and Recognition of Positional Information in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo.- I. Introduction.- II. Asymmetries in the Oocyte.- III. Asymmetries at Fertilization.- IV. Asynmietries in Cleavage.- V. Compaction.- A. Description of Compaction.- B. Control of Compaction.- C. Consequences of Compaction for Blastocyst Formation.- 1. Cytochalasin D Treatment.- 2. Treatment with Antiserum to Embryonal Carcinoma Cells.- D. Mechanisms by Which Compaction Might Generate Positional Information during Blastocyst Formation.- VI. Summary and Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 5 Relationship between the Programs for Implantation and Trophoblast Differentiation.- I. Introduction.- II. What Is the Nature of Blastocyst Factors Involved in Implantation?.- III. What Is the Relationship between Implantation and Other Differentiative Events?.- IV. When Are Implantation-Related Gene Products Produced?.- V. Conclusions and Speculations.- Discussion.- References.- 6 Cellular and Genetic Analysis of Mouse Blastocyst Development.- I.Introduction.- II. Cell Determination during Early Mouse Embryogenesis.- A. Cell Determination in the Inner Cell Mass.- B. Cell Determination in the Primary Ectoderm.- III. Mutations at the a Locus Affecting Implantation.- A. Genetics.- B. Embryology.- 1. Histological Observations.- 2. Ultrastructural Observations.- 3. Experimental Observations.- IV. Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- III: Macromolecular Synthesis in the Developing Egg.- 7 Mobilization of Genetic Information in the Early Rabbit Trophoblast.- I. Introduction.- II. Results and Discussion.- A. Unique-Sequence DNA Transcription.- B. Polysome Assembly and Ternary Complex Formation.- C. Cytoplasmic DNA.- D. RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase.- III. Summary.- Discussion.- References.- 8 Activity of RNA and DNA Polymerases in Delayed-Implanting Mouse Embryos.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- A. Preparation of Embryo Donors.- B. Radiolabeling of Embryos for the Determination of RNA Polymerase Activity.- C. Specific Activity of the [3H]-UTP Pools.- D. DNA Polymerase Assay.- E. Analysis of Data.- III. Results.- A. Specific Activities of the [3H]-UTP Pools.- B. Rate of Incorporation of [3H]Uridine into RNA.- C. RNA Polymerase Activity.- D. DNA Polymerase Activity.- IV. Summary.- Discussion.- References.- 9 A Reexamination of Messenger RNA Populations in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo.- I. Introduction.- II. Materials and Methods.- III. Results and Discussion.- A. mRNA in the Morula-Blastocyst Transition Period.- B. Stable mRNA and Posttranscriptional Control in Early Cleavage.- C. Inhibition of Translation with Cap Analogs.- D. End-Labeling of Embryo RNA.- E. Qualitative Analysis of End-Labeled RNA.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- Discussion.- References.- 10 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Patterns of Molecular Differentiation during Oogenesis, Embryogenesis, and Organogenesis in Mammals.- I. Introduction.- II. Translational Patterns of Oocytes Undergoing Resumed Meiosis.- III. Translational Patterns of Preimplantation Embryos.- A. Support of Early Embryogenesis by Oocyte Components.- B. Differential Protein Synthesis at the Blastomere Level.- IV. Translational Patterns of Blastocysts during Activation from Facultative Delayed Implantation.- V. Translational Patterns during Limb Organogenesis.- Discussion.- References.- IV: Uterine Preparation for Implantation.- 11 Cell Proliferation and Cell Death in the Endometrium.- I. Introduction.- II. Assessment of Cell Death.- III. Results.- IV. Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 12 Shifts in Uterine Stromal Cell Populations during Pregnancy and Regression.- I. Introduction.- II. Involvement of the Uterine Fibroblast and Monocyte-Macrophage in Modeling of the Extracellular Matrix.- III. Transient Invasion of Blood Leukocytes into the Rat Uterine Stroma in the Peripartum Period (Day 16 Gestation through Day 3 Postpartum).- IV. Experimental Analysis of Cellular Aspects of Peripartum Uterine Differentiation.- V. Cellular Evidence Related to the Postulated Immunosuppressant Action of Progesterone.- Discussion.- References.- 13 Separated Cell Types as Analytical Tools in the Study of Decidualization and Implantation.- I. Historical Perspective.- II. Cell Separation Techniques.- A. Method for Separating Individual Cell Types from the Rat Uterus.- 1. Epithelial Cells,.- 2. Stromal Cells.- 3. Myometrial Cells.- 4. Viability and Yield.- III. Estrogen Receptor Assays.- A. Estrogen Receptor in Individual Cell Types from Immature Rat Uterus.- B. Comparison with Data from Whole Immature Rat Uterus.- C. Estrogen Receptors in the Preimplantation Uterus.- D. Estrogen Receptors in Individual Cell Types from the Preimplantation Uterus.- IV. Culture of Monolayers of Individual Uterine Cell Types.- V. Coculture of Blastocysts with Monolayers of Specific Uterine Cell Types.- Discussion.- References.- 14 Decidual Cell Function: Role of Steroid Hormones and Their Receptors.- I. Introduction.- II. Induction of Pseudopregnancy and Decidualization.- III. Estrogen Receptors in Decidual Tissue.- IV. Progesterone Receptors in Decidual Tissue.- V. Nuclear Receptors.- VI. Hormonal Control of Decidualization.- Discussion.- References.- V: Gene Expression in the Uterus.- 15 Mechanisms of Induction of Uterine Protein Synthesis: Hormonal Regulation of Uteroglobin.- I. Introduction.- II. Secretion of Uteroglobin.- III.Synthesis of Uteroglobin.- IV. Activity of Uteroglobin mRNA and Levels of Nuclear Progesterone Receptor.- Discussion.- References.- 16 Regulation of the Levels of mRNA for Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase and Its Rate of Translation in the Uterus by Estradiol.- I. Introduction.- II. Regulation of Uterine G6PD Synthesis by Estradiol.- III. Regulation of Uterine G6PD mRNA Levels by Estradiol.- IV. Regulation of Uterine G6PD Translation Time by Estradiol.- V. Regulation of the Rate of Processing of Uterine Pre-G6PD by Estradiol.- VI. Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 17 Uterine DNA Polymerase: Acquisition of Responsiveness to Estrogen during Postnatal Development of the Rat.- I. Introduction.- II. DNA Synthesis.- III. DNA Polymerase.- IV. Summary and Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 18 The Artificially Stimulated Decidual Cell Reaction in the Mouse Uterus: Studies of RNA Polymerases and Histone Modifications.- I. The Artificially Stimulated Decidual Cell Reaction as a Model for Studying Implantation.- II. The Biochemistry of the Decidual Cell Reaction.- III. RNA Metabolism.- IV. RNA Polymerases.- V. Histone Modifications.- VI. Template Activity.- VII. Summary.- Discussion.- References.- VI: Blastocyst-Uterine Interactions.- 19 Embryonic Signals and Maternal Recognition.- I. Introduction.- II. Embryonic Signals.- III. Onset of Trophoblast Estrogen Synthesis.- IV. Endogenous Precursors of Trophoblast Estrogens.- V. Mechanism of Action of Trophoblast Estrogens.- VI. Species Differences.- VII. Two-Way Interaction.- Discussion.- References.- 20 Uterine Blastotoxic Factors.- I. Introduction.- II. The Uterine State of "Nonreceptivity".- III. Evidence for the Existence of a Blastotoxic Substance.- IV. The Effective Substance.- Discussion.- References.- 21 Lysosomal Mechanisms in Blastocyst Implantation and Early Decidualization.- I. Introduction.- II. Lysosomal Activity during Early Pregnancy.- III. Lysosomes and Epithelial Penetration.- IV. Lysosomes and Early Decidualization.- V. Summary.- Discussion.- References.- VII: Mechanisms of Implantation.- 22 The Role of Prostaglandins in Endometrial Vascular Changes at Implantation.- I. Introduction.- II. Changes in Endometrial Vascular Permeability in Response to Blastocysts.- III. Changes in Endometrial Vascular Permeability in Response to Artificial Stimuli.- IV. Timing of Uterine Sensitivity.- V. Which Prostaglandin(s)?.- VI. Source of Prostaglandins.- VII. Mode of Action of Prostaglandins.- VIII. Summary and Conclusions.- Discussion.- References.- 23 Comparison of Implantation in Utero and in Vitro.- I. Introduction.- II. Comparison of Development.- A. Hatching.- B. Adhesion Stage.- C. Outgrowth.- D. Outgrowth and Monolayers.- III. Analysis of Outgrowth.- IV. Prospects and Problems.- Discussion.- References.- 24 Time-Lapse Cinematography of Mouse Embryo Development from Blastocyst to Early Somite Stage.- I. In Vitro Development of Mouse Embryos from Blastocyst to Early Somite Stage.- II. In Vitro Monozygotic Twin Formation in Mouse Embryos.- III. Embryo Growth and Differentiation Factors in Embryonic Sera.- References.- VIII: Short Communications.- 1. The Effects of Estradiol-17 ? and Progesterone on the Volume of Uterine Fluid in Ovariectomized Mice.- 2. Presence of hCG-like Material in the Preimplantation Rabbit Blastocyst.- 3. Electron Microscopic Study of Rat ? Mouse Chimeric Blastocysts Produced by Embryo Aggregation.- 4. Characteristics of an Endogenous Inhibitor of Progesterone Binding in Rat Trophoblast.- 5. Histone Synthesis in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos.- 6. Use of Concanavalin A to Monitor Changes in Glycoprotein Synthesis during Early Mouse Development.- 7 The Role of Glycoproteins in the Development of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos.- 8. The Role of Blastolemmase in Implantation Initiation in the Rabbit.- 9. Estradiol-17 ? Dehydrogenase in Rat Endometrium at the Time of Implantation.- 10. The Pig Uterus Secretes a Progesterone-Induced Inhibitor of Plasminogen Activator.- 11. Role of a Uterine Endopeptidase in the Implantation Process of the Rat.- 12. The Role of Prostaglandins and Cyclic Nucleotides in the Artificially Stimulated Decidual Cell Reaction in the Mouse Uterus.- 13. Inhibitory Effect of Indomethacin on Nuclear Binding of Progesterone in the Uterus and on Differentiation of Decidual Cells in Culture.- 14 Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Swine.- 15 Effects of Preimplantation Bovine and Porcine Conceptuses on Blood Flow and Steroid Content of the Uterus.- 16. Effects of Nicotine on Conceptus Cell Proliferation and Oviductal/Uterine Blood Flow in the Rat.- 17. The Uterine Epithelium as a Transducer for the Triggering of Decidualization in the Rat.- 18. Cellular Contact between the Trophoblast and the Endometrium at Implantation in the Ewe.- 19. Cell Motility and the Distribution ofActin and Myosin during Mouse Trophoblast Development in Vitro.- 20. Autoradiographic Studies of Mouse Uterine Glands during the Periimplantation Period.- 21 In Vitro Attachment and Outgrowth of Mouse Trophectoderm.- 22. Hormone Production by Rat Blastocysts and Midpregnancy Trophoblasts in Vitro.- 23. Separation and Characterization of Endocervical Cells.- 24. Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Timing of Early Mammalian Development.- 25. Pregnancy-Associated Endometrial Protein in Women.- 26. Survival of Rat Blastocysts in the Uterus of the Mouse Following Xenogeneic Implantation.- 27. Concanavalin-A-Binding Capacity of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos.- 28. The Use of Pharmacological Agents to Study Implantation.- Participants.