PART ONE-History and Other Aspects of Group Development
CHAPTER 1-History and Trends of Group Works and Current Trends
Uses of Groups Before 1900
Growth of Group Work: 1900 to the Present
1900 to 1909
1910 to 1919
1920 to 1929
1930 to 1939
1940 to 1949
1950 to 1959
1960 to 1969
1970 to 1979
1980 to 1989
1990 to 1999
Current Trends in Group Work
Training/Education in Group Work
Technology and Group Work
Studies on Group Effectiveness
Brief Group Work: Solution-Focused Counseling Groups
The Future of Group Work
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 2-Types of Group Work
Models of Specialty Groups
Psychoeducational Groups
An Example of Psychoeducational Group Work: Life-Skills Development Groups
Counseling Groups
An Example of a Counseling Group: A Counseling Group for Counselors
Psychotherapy Groups
An Example of Group Psychotherapy: Group Work With Abusers and the Abused
Task/Work Groups
An Example of Task/Work Groups: Teams
Mixed Groups and a Proposed Regrouping of Categories
An Example of a Mixed Group: A Consumer-Oriented Group
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 3-Group Dynamics
Group Content and Group Process
Group Content
Group Process
Balance Between Content and Process
The Group as a System: A Way of Explaining Group Dynamics
Influencing Group Dynamics
Preplanning
Group Structure
Group Exercises
Group Interaction
Members' Roles
The Effect of Positive and Negative Variables on Group Dynamics
Learning Group Dynamics
Group, Individual, and Family Dynamics
Persons
Processing
Consequences
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 4-Effective Group Leadership
Leadership: A Concept in Search of a Definition
Group Leadership Styles
Leadership Styles for Different Groups
Personal Qualities of Effective Group Leaders
The Trait Approach
Personality and Specific Groups
Theory and Effective Group Leaders
Skills of Effective Group Leaders
Core Group Skills
Specific Group Skills
Group Leadership Functions
Main Functions of Group Leaders
Leaders and Group Conflict
Co-leaders in Groups
Advantages
Limitations
Group Leadership Training
Group Supervision
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 5-Beginning a Group
Steps in the Forming Stage
Step 1: Developing a Rationale for the Group
Step 2: Deciding on a Theoretical Format
Step 3: Weighing Practical Considerations
Step 4: Publicizing the Group
Step 5: Pretraining and Selecting Members and a Leader
Tasks of the Beginning Group
Dealing With Apprehension
Reviewing Goals and Contracts
Specifying Group Rules
Setting Limits
Promoting a Positive Interchange Among Members
Resolving Potential Group Problems in Forming
People Problems
Group Procedural Problems
Useful Procedures for the Beginning Stage of a Group
Joining
Linking
Cutting Off
Drawing Out
Clarifying the Purpose
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 6-The Transition Period in a Group: Norming and Storming
Storming
Peer Relationships in Storming
Resistance During Storming
Task Processing in Storming
Working Through Storming
Results of Working Through Storming
Norms and Norming
Peer Relations During Norming
Task Processing During Norming
Examining Aspects of Norming
Promoting Norming
Results of Norming
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 7-The Working Stage in a Group: Performing
Peer Relationships
Task Processes During the Working Stage
Teamwork and Team Building During the Working Stage
Problems in the Working Stage of Groups
Racial and Gender Issues
Group Collusion
The Working Stage of the Group and Groups That Work
Strategies for Assisting Groups in the Working Stage
Modeling by the Leader
Exercises
Group Observing Group
Brainstorming
Nominal-Group Technique
Synectics
Written Projections
Group Processing
Teaching of Skills
Outcomes of the Working Stage
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 8-Termination of a Group
Preparing for Termination
Effects of Termination on Individuals
Premature Termination
Premature Termination of the Group as a Whole
Premature Termination Initiated by Group Members
Preventing Premature Termination
Termination of Group Sessions
Member Summarization
Leader Summarization
Rounds
Dyads
Written Reactions
Rating Sheets
Homework
Termination of a Group
Capping Skills in Terminations
Problems in Terminations
Denial
Transference
Countertransference
Handling Termination Correctly
Follow-Up Sessions
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 9-Group Work With Culturally Diverse Populations
A Historical Overview of Cultural Diversity in Groups
Challenges of Culturally Diverse Groups
Myths About Multicultural Groups
Goals of Multicultural Groups
Assessing Cultural Diversity in a Group
Leadership in Culturally Diverse Groups
Working With Different Cultural Populations in Groups
African Americans
Hispanic/Latino Americans
Asian and Asian Pacific Americans
Native Americans
European Americans
Groups for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 10-Ethical and Legal Aspects of Group Work
The Nature of Ethics and Ethical Codes
Major Ethical Issues in Group Work
Training of Group Leaders
Screening of Potential Group Members
Rights of Group Members
Confidentiality
Personal Relationships Between Group Members and Leaders
Dual Relationships
Personal Relationships Among Group Members
Uses of Group Techniques
Leaders' Values
Referrals
Records
Termination and Follow-Up
Making Ethical Decisions
Promoting Ethical Principles in Group Work
Training Group Leaders
Continuing Education and Peer Supervision
Responding to Alleged Unethical Complaints
Legal Issues in Group Work
Community, State, and National Standards
Legal Action
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
PART TWO-Groups throughout the Life Span
CHAPTER 11-Groups for Children
Types of Groups for Children
Group Guidance for Elementary/Middle School Children
Group Counseling Within the Schools
Group Guidance and Counseling in Community Settings
Setting up Groups for Children
Nonverbal Versus Verbal Communication
Group Structure and Materials
Recruiting Members and Screening
Group Session Length and Number in Group
Gender and Age Issues
Role of the Leader in Children's Groups
Studies on the Outcome of Children's Groups
Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Children
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 12-Groups for Adolescents
Types of Groups for Adolescents
Developmental Psychoeducational Groups
Nondevelopmental Counseling/Psychotherapy Groups
Setting up Groups for Adolescents
Nonverbal Versus Verbal Communication
Group Structure and Materials
Recruiting Members and Screening
Group Session Length and Number in Group
Gender and Age Issues
Role of the Leader in Adolescents' Groups
Problems in Adolescents' Groups
Outright Disruptiveness
Hesitancy to Engage With Others
Polarization
Monopolizing
Inappropriate Risk Taking
Overactivity or Giddiness
Studies on the Outcome of Groups for Adolescents
Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Adolescents
Strengths
Limitations
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 13-Groups for Adults
Types of Groups for Adults
Setting up Groups for Adults
Role of the Leader in Groups for Adults
Studies on the Outcomes of Groups for Adults
Groups for College Students
Groups for Adults in Midlife
Groups for Men and Women
Groups for Couples, Families, the Divorced, and the Widowed
Groups for Adult Offenders and Persons With Life-Threatening Illnesses
Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Adults
Strengths
Limitations
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 14-Groups for the Older Adults
Types of Groups for the Older Adults
Psychoeducational and Task/Work Groups
Counseling and Psychotherapy Groups
Setting up Groups for the Older Adults
Role of the Leader in Groups for the Older Adults
Studies on the Outcomes of Groups for the Older Adults
Groups for Caretakers of the Older Adults
Strengths and Limitations of Groups for the Older Adults
Strengths
Limitations
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
PART THREE-Leading Groups from a Theoretical Perspective
CHAPTER 15-Psychoanalytic, Transactional Analysis, and Reality Therapy Groups
Psychoanalytic Groups
Premises of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups
Practice of Psychoanalytic Theory in a Group
Role of the Psychoanalytically Oriented Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups
Evaluation of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups
Learning More
Transactional Analysis Groups
Premises of Transactional Analysis Groups
Practice of Transactional Analysis in a Group
Role of the Transactional Analysis Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Transactional Analysis Groups
Evaluation of Transactional Analysis Groups
Learning More
Reality Therapy Groups
Premises of Reality Therapy Groups
Practice of Reality Therapy in a Group
Role of the Reality Therapy Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Reality Therapy Groups
Evaluation of Reality Therapy Groups
Learning More
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 16-Adlerian, Person-Centered, and Existential Groups
Adlerian Groups
Premises of Adlerian Groups
Practice of Adlerian Theory in a Group
Role of the Adlerian Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Adlerian Groups
Evaluation of Adlerian Groups
Learning More
Person-Centered Groups
Premises of Person-Centered Groups
Practice of Person-Centered Theory in a Group
Role of the Person-Centered Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Person-Centered Groups
Evaluation of Person-Centered Groups
Learning More
Existential Groups
Premises of Existential Groups
Practice of Existential Theory in a Group
Role of the Existential Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Existential Groups
Evaluation of Existential Groups
Learning More
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 17-Gestalt and Psychodrama Groups
Gestalt Groups
Premises of Gestalt Groups
Practice of Gestalt Theory in a Group
Role of the Gestalt Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Gestalt Groups
Evaluation of Gestalt Groups
Learning More
Psychodrama Groups
Premises of Group Psychodrama
Practice of Psychodrama in a Group
Role of the Psychodrama Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Psychodrama Groups
Evaluation of Psychodrama Groups
Learning More
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
CHAPTER 18-Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy and Behavioral Therapy Groups
Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups
Premises of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups
Practice of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy in a Group
Role of the Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups
Evaluation of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups
Learning More
Behavioral Therapy Groups
Premises of Behavioral Therapy Groups
Practice of Behavioral Therapy in a Group
Role of the Behavioral Therapy Group Leader
Desired Outcome of Behavioral Therapy Groups
Evaluation of Behavioral Therapy Groups
Learning More
Summary and Conclusion
Classroom Exercises
APPENDIX A-Association for Specialists in Group Work: Best Practice Guidelines
APPENDIX B-Association for Specialists in Group Work: Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers
APPENDIX C-Association for Specialists in Group Work: Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
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