Section 1. HIV-1 Biology and Immunology ; 1.1. HIV-1 Biology, Michael Bukrinsky and Sergey Iordanskiy ; 1.2. HIV-1 Immunology, Sabita Roy, Subhash Dhawan, Shilpa Buch, and Krishnakumar Devadas ; 1.3 Chemokines, Richard J. Miller ; 1.4 Viral and host genetic factors, Christopher Power, Jennifer A. McCombe, Shaona Acharjee, and M. John Gill ; 1.5 Genetic Susceptibilities in neuroAIDS, Sunil K. Ahuja, Srinivas Mummidi, Jason F. Okulicz, Edwina J. Wright, and Weijing He ; Section 2. Innate and Cellular Immunity and Neurogenesis ; 2.1. Mononuclear phagocytes, Kenneth C. Williams, William Hickey, Tricia H. Burdo, and Caroline Soulas ; 2.2. Microglia, Sunhee C. Lee ; 2.3. Astrocytes, Etty N. Benveniste, Lisa N. Akhtar, and Brandi J. Baker ; 2.4. Adaptive Immunity, Howard E. Gendelman, Jessica A.L. Hutter, Larisa Poluektova, and Subhash Dhawan ; 2.5. Vaccines, R. Lee Mosley, Max V. Kuenstling, and Eric J. Benner ; 2.6. Neurogenesis, Jialin C. Zheng, James B Reinecke, Hui Peng, Yunlong Huang, and Qiang Chen ; Section 3. Blood brain barrier and HIV CNS Entry ; 3.1. Blood brain barrier: Structure and function, William A. Banks ; 3.2. Endothelial cell biology and HIV-1 infection, Michal Toborek, Ibolya E. Andras, Cetewayo S. Rashid, Yu Zhong, and Shinsuke Nakagawa ; 3.3. Blood-brain barrier during neuroinflammation, Yuri Persidsky and Servio H. Ramirez ; 3.4. Mechanisms of viral and cell entry into the CNS, Eliseo A. Eugenin and J.W. Berman ; 3.5. Monocyte-macrophages and viral CNS entry, Georgette D. Kanmogne ; Section 4. Cellular and Viral Neurotoxicity and Abused Drugs ; 4.1. Mononuclear phagocyte inflammation and neurotoxicity, Howard E. Gendelman, Andrea Martinez-Skinner, Ari Nowacek, and JoEllyn McMillan ; 4.2. Neurotoxicity of HIV-1 proteins, Ruth Brack-Werner, Manja Meggendorfer, Ina Rothenaigner, Bianca Tigges, and Michelle Vincendea ; 4.3. HIV-1 and Tat, Avindra Nath, Wenxue Li, Guanhan Li, and Joseph Steiner ; 4.4. HIV-1 gp120, Stuart A. Lipton, Shu-ichi Okamoto, Marcus Kaul, Ian Paul Everall, and Eliezer Masliah ; 4.5. HIV-1 and cannabinoids, Guy A. Cabral and Erinn S. Raborn ; 4.6. HIV-1 and METH, Howard S. Fox ; 4.7. HIV-1 and Opioids, Toby K. Eisenstein, Jessica Breslow, Changcheng Song, Mathew J. Finley, William D. Cornwell, Sumedha Chugh, Joseph J. Meissler, and Thomas J. Rogers ; 4.8. HIV-1 and Cocaine, Shilpa J. Buch, Honghong Yao, and Sabita Roy ; Section 5. Animal models ; 5.1. SIV, Janice E. Clements, M. Christine Zink, Joseph L. Mankowski, David R. Graham, and Lucio Gama ; 5.2. FIV, Rick B. Meeker ; 5.3. CAEV, Valgerdur Andresdottir, Sigurbjorg Torsteinsdottir, and Gudmundur Georgsson ; 5.4. Transgenics, Sulie L. Chang and Marley D. Kass ; 5.5. Immunodeficient mice, Larisa Poluektova ; 5.6. SIV and opiates, Shilpa J. Buch, Shannon Callen, Paul Cheney, and Anil Kumar ; 5.7. SIV and FIV and peripheral neuropathy, Joseph L. Mankowski, Victoria A. Laast, Gigi Ebenezer, and Justin C. McArthur ; 5.8. Animal models and bioimaging, R. Gilberto Gonzalez, Eva-Maria Ratai, and Margaret R. Lentz ; Section 6. Personal Perspectives in Living with HIV/AIDS ; 6.1. Darren Kane ; 6.2. Eric Glare ; 6.3. James May ; 6.4. Karen ; 6.5. Susan Paxton ; Section 7. Clinical and Pathologic Manifestations of Disease ; 7.1. Prospective on HIV CNS Infections, Richard W. Price ; 7.2. HAND, Igor Grant and Ned Sacktor ; 7.3. Early Manifestations of CNS Disease, Serena S. Spudich ; 7.4. HIV-1 Neuropathology, Benjamin B. Gelman and David J. Moore ; 7.5. Peripheral Neuropathy, David M. Simpson, Kathryn J. Elliott, and Justin McArthur ; 7.6. Spinal Cord Disease, Christina M. Marra ; 7.7. Myopathy, Susan Morgello, Jessica Robinson-Papp, Kenneth A. Fox, and David M. Simpson ; 7.8. Aging, Christian L. Achim and Virawudh Soontornniyomkij ; 7.9. Addiction, R. Douglas Bruce ; Chapter 8. Pathogenesis of Co-Morbid Conditions ; 8.1. NeuroAIDS as an Inflammatory Disorder, Dennis L. Kolson, Denise R. Cooka, Stephanie A. Crossa, and Samantha S. Soldana ; 8.2. Neuronal Injury, White Matter Disease, and Neurotrophic Factors, Dianne Langford, Eliezer Masliah, and Ian Paul Everall ; 8.3. Pathobiology of HIV-related neuropathies, BJ Brew and NWS Davies ; 8.4. CNS Co-morbidities, Georgette D. Kanmogne and David B. Clifford ; 8.5. Opportunistic Infections, Joseph R. Berger and Bruce A. Cohen ; 8.6. PML, Eugene O. Major and Maria Chiara G. Monaco ; 8.7. Neoplasms, Alexis Demopoulos and Lauren Abrey ; 8.8. Hepatitis C, Wenzhe Ho and Li Ye ; 8.9. Psychiatric Co-Morbidities, Ian Paul Everall and Timothy B. Nguyen ; Chapter 9. Diagnostics and Biomarkers ; 9.1. Brain Imaging, Linda Chang, Ute Feger, and Thomas Ernst, Ph.D. ; 9.2. MRI, Terry L. Jernigan, Sarah L. Archibald, and Christine Fennema-Notestine ; 9.3. Psychological Evaluations, Steven Paul Woods, Jordan Elizabeth Cattie, and Igor Grant ; 9.4. Viral and Cellular Biomarkers During Antiretroviral Therapy, Scott L. Letendre ; 9.5. Viral Dynamics, Ronald J. Ellis and Davey M. Smith ; 9.6. Viral Clades, Avindra Nath and Wenxue Li ; 9.7. Proteomics and Biomarkers, Pawel Ciborowski, Gwenael Pottiez, and Jayme Wiederin ; Chapter 10. Children and Adolescents ; 10.1. Clinical and Pathological Features of HIV-1 Encephalopathy in Children and Adolescents, Mark Mintz, Leroy Sharer, and Lucy Civitello ; 10.2. Infants, Children and Adolescents Nervous System Disease in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy, Annelies Van Rie and Anna Dow ; 10.3. Psychosocial Aspects of Neurologic Impairment in Children with AIDS, Lori Wiener and Claude Mellins ; 10.4. Growing up with HIV Disease, Lynnae Schwartz, Leslie K. Serchuck, and Shirley F. Delair ; Chapter 11. Antiretroviral and Adjunctive Therapies ; 11.1. Current Concepts in the Treatment of HIV Infection with Focus on Brain Disease, Susan Swindells and Uriel Sandkovsky ; 11.2. Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Therapies, J. Allen McCutchan, Scott Letendre, Ronald J. Ellis, Brookie Best, and Edmund Capparelli ; 11.3. Treatment of Opportunistic Infections Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, David B. Clifford ; 11.4. Nanoformulated Medicines, Howard E. Gendelman, Upal Roy, Shantanu Balkundi, and JoEllyn McMillan ; 11.5. Antiretroviral nanotherapies, Madhavan P.N. Nair and Zainulabedin M. Saiyed ; 11.6. Adjunctive Medicines, Harris A. Gelbard and Stuart A. Lipton ; Chapter 12. Psychiatry and Psychobiology ; 12.1. Psychiatric Disorders, J. Hampton Atkinson, Nichole A. Duarte, and Glenn Treisman ; 12.2. Neuropsychiatry of Substance Abuse, Eileen M. Martin-Thomas, Andy Levine, and Raul Gonzalez ; 12.3. Psychobiology of Risk Behavior, David G. Ostrow ; 12.4. Everyday Impact of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders, Thomas D. Marcotte, J. Cobb Scott, Charles H. Hinkin, and Robert K. Heaton ; 12.5. Facing Legal and Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of AIDS, Glenn J. Treisman and Warren B. Treisman ; 12.6. Neuropsychological Testing, Kevin R. Robertson, Kevin J. Liner, Michelle Ro, and Robert K. Heaton ; 12.7. The impact of HIV subtype, cultural, and sociodemographic factors on HIV-1 infection and associated neuropathogenesis in Africa, Adelina Holguin, Damien C. Tully, and Charles Wood