Physics of New Materials

1 Introductory Survey.- 1.1 New Materials and Necessity of Physics in their Development.- 1.2 Examples of Physics of New Materials.- 1.3 Brief Introduction of the Contents.- References.- 2 Electronic Structure and Properties of Transition Metal Systems.- 2.1 Background.- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Electronic Structure Calculation of Transition Metal Systems.- 2.2.1 Method of Calculation.- 2.2.2 s-d Mixing.- 2.3 Bulk and Defect Electronic Structure of Ferromagnetic Transition Metal Systems.- 2.3.1 Calculation for Periodic Systems.- 2.3.2 Impurities.- 2.3.3 Disordered Alloys.- 2.3.4 Failure of the ab initio Calculation.- 2.3.5 Enhancement of Ferromagnetism in Iron by Nonmagnetic Atoms.- 2.4 Structural Problems.- 2.4.1 Methods of Calculating Phase Diagram of Alloy Systems.- 2.4.2 Ordering on fcc Lattice.- 2.4.3 Examples of ab initio Calculations.- 2.4.4 Lattice Distortion.- 2.5 Limitation of the One Electron Theory.- 2.6 Future Development.- References.- 3 Structure Characterization of Solid-State Amorphized Materials by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction.- 3.1 New Generation Scattering Experiments.- 3.2 Mechanical Alloying and Mechanical Disordering.- 3.2.1 Mechanical Amorphization of Ni-V Miscible System.- 3.2.2 Mechanical Amorphization of Cu-Ta and Cu-V Immissible Systems.- 3.3 Medium-Range Structure of Metallic Amorphous Alloys.- 3.3.1 Pre-peak in the Structure Factor of Binary Amorphous Alloys.- 3.3.2 Chemical Frustration in Ternary Amorphous Alloys.- 3.4 Conversion of Organic Polymers to Amorphous Ceramics.- 3.5 Hydrogen-Induced Amorphization.- References.- 4 Nanophase Materials: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties.- 4.1 Background.- 4.2 Synthesis and Processing.- 4.3 Structure and Stability.- 4.3.1 Grains and Pores.- 4.3.2 Grain Boundaries.- 4.3.3 Grain Size Stability.- 4.4 Properties.- 4.4.1 Chemical Properties.- 4.4.2 Mechanical Properties.- 4.4.3 Physical Properties.- 4.5 Future Directions.- References.- 5 Intercalation Compounds of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides.- 5.1 Background.- 5.2 Electronic Band Structures of 3d Transition-Metal Intercalated Compounds of 1T-Type TiS2.- 5.2.1 Nonmagnetic States.- 5.2.2 Ferromagnetic States.- 5.2.3 Comparison with Experimental Results.- 5.3 Bonding Nature in Mx
TiS2 (M: 3d Transition-Metal).- 5.4 Electronic Band Structures of AgxTiS2.- 5.5 2H-Type TX2 (T = Nb, Ta; X = S, Se) Intercalated with Transition-Metals.- 5.6 Discussion.- References.- 6 Structural Phase Transformation.- 6.1 General View.- 6.1.1 Discoveries of Phase Transformations.- 6.1.2 Continuous and Discontinuous Transformation.- 6.1.3 Various Types of Phase Transitions.- 6.2 A Phenomenological Theory and a Statistical View of Phase Transition.- 6.2.1 Degree of Order and Landau's Formulation of Phase Transition.- 6.2.2 Ehrenfest's Criterion and Landau's Picture in the G-T-? Diagram.- 6.2.3 Fine Heterogeneous Structure in the First Order Transition.- 6.2.4 Statistical Calculation of Embryonic Structure.- 6.3 Martensitic Transformation of Metals and Alloys.- 6.3.1 Martensitic Transformation of Steel.- 6.3.2 Lattice Deformation in Martensitic Transformation.- 6.3.3 Martensitic Transformation of ?-Phase Alloys.- 6.4 Shape Memory Effect and Premartensitic Phenomena.- 6.4.1 Mechanism of Shape Memory.- 6.4.2 Superplasticity and Ferroelasticity.- 6.4.3 Lattice Softening and Soft Phonon Mode.- 6.4.4 Premartensitic Structure and its Statistical Thermodynamic Theory.- 6.5 Martensite and Other Problems in Ceramics.- 6.5.1 Martensitic Transformation of Zirconia.- 6.5.2 P-T Phase Diagram and Artificial Diamond.- 6.5.3 CVD Diamond.- 6.6 Conclusions.- References.- 7 The Place of Atomic Order in the Physics of Solids and in Metallurgy.- 7.1 Historical Development.- 7.1.1 Superlattices.- 7.1.2 Imperfect Long-Range Order.- 7.1.3 Critical Phenomena.- 7.2 Antiphase Domains.- 7.2.1 Varieties of Domains.- 7.3 Theory of Ordering.- 7.3.1 The Ordering Energy.- 7.3.2 The Cluster Variation Model.- 7.3.3 "Criticality-Physics".- 7.3.4 Prediction of Phase Diagrams.- 7.3.5 Prediction of Crystal Structures.- 7.3.6 First-Principles Calculations.- 7.4 Special Experimental Methods.- 7.5 Ordering Kinetics and Disorder Trapping.- 7.5.1 Disorder Trapping.- 7.5.2 Phases with Low Critical Temperatures.- 7.5.3 Rapidly Ordering Phases.- 7.6 Computer Simulation of Ordering and Disordering and Related Features.- 7.7 Ordering and Disordering at Free Surfaces, Interfaces and at Antiphase Domain Boundaries.- 7.7.1 Free Surfaces.- 7.7.2 Interfaces.- 7.8 Magnetic and Atomic Order.- 7.8.1 Directional Order.- 7.9 Ordering in Semiconductors and Other Non-Metals.- 7.9.1 Minerals.- 7.9.2 Semiconductors.- 7.9.3 Superconductors.- 7.9.4 Constitutional Vacancies.- 7.9.5 Plastic Crystals.- 7.10 Order and Mechanical Properties.- 7.11 Conclusion.- 7.12 Addendum.- References.- 8 Usefulness of Electron Microscopy.- 8.1 Background.- 8.2 Principles of Image Formation.- 8.2.1 Diffraction Contrast Imaging.- 8.2.2 Phase Contrast Imaging.- 8.3 High-Resolution Electron Microscopy.- 8.3.1 Weak-Beam Electron Microscopy.- 8.3.2 High-Resolution Images with Phase Contrast.- 8.4 Indispensable Applications of HVEMy.- 8.4.1 Quick Response of Lattice Defects to Applied Conditions.- 8.4.2 Direct Observation of Co-operative Actions among more than Two Factors in Material Behaviour by the in situ Experiment.- 8.5 New Research Fields by HVEMy "Micro-Laboratory".- 8.6 Conclusions.- References.- 9 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Materials Science.- 9.1 Historical Remarks.- 9.2 Principles.- 9.3 Hyperfine Interaction.- 9.4 Polarization and Thickness Effects.- 9.5 Phase Analysis.- 9.6 Cu-Fe System.- 9.7 Precision Phase Analysis.- 9.8 Amorphous Metals, General.- 9.9 Amorphous Metals, Experimental.- 9.10 Nanocrystalline Materials.- 9.11 Crystallization.- 9.12 Simultaneous Triple-Radiation Mössbauer Spectroscopy (STRMS).- 9.13 Quo Vadis?.- References.- 10 Further Progress.- 10.1 Eelectronic Structure and Magnetism of Transition Metal Systems.- 10.2 Structure Characterization of Solid-State Amorphized Materials by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction.- 10.3 Recent Progress in Nanophase Materials.- 10.4 Further Progress in the Theory of Intercalation Compounds.- 10.5 Various New-type Carbon Materials.- 10.6 New Findings in Ordered Structures.- 10.7 Recent Developments in High-Resolution and High-Voltage Electron Microscopy.- 10.8 New Directions in Mössbauer Spectroscopy.