Chapter 1: Chemistry: It's All About "Stuff"
1.1 "Stuff" is Matter
Matter: Mass and Volume
Math Matters - Metric Units and Prefixes
States of Matter
1.2 Gas Behavior - An Introduction to the Behavior of Matter
Gases and Pressure
Pressure and Volume - Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law and Breathing
Math Matters - Significant Figures and Rounding Calculator Results
Gases and Temperature
Temperature and Volume - Charles's Law
1.3 Classifying Matter : Mixture or Pure Substance
Mixtures
Pure Substances
1.4 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table
Compounds
1.5 How Matter Changes
Physical Change
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Equations
Summary
Key Terms
Important Equations
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Atoms, Radioactivity, and Ions
2.1 The Atom and Subatomic Particles
Charges
Subatomic Particles
Structure of an Atom
2.2 Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number
Mass Number
2.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
2.4 Measuring Atoms: The Mole
Math Matters - Scientific Notation
Avogadro's Number
2.5 Electron Arrangements
2.6 Radioactivity and Radioisotopes
Types of Radiation
2.7 Nuclear Equations and Radioactive Decay
Alpha Decay
Beta Decay
Gamma Decay
Producing Radioactive Isotopes
2.8 Radiation Units and Half-Lives
Radioactivity Units
Half Life
2.9 Medical Applications for Radioisotopes
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 3
Chapter 3: Compounds: Putting Particles Together
3.1 The Octet Rule
3.2 In Search of an Octet Part 1: Ion Formation
Trends in Ion Formation
Naming Ions
Important Ions in the Body
3.3 Ionic Compounds - Give and Take
Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds
3.4 In Search of an Octet Part 2: Covalent Bonding
Formulas and Structures of Covalent Compounds
Naming Covalent Compounds
3.5 Getting Covalent Compounds into Shape
Determining the Shape of a Molecule
Lone Pairs and their Effect on Molecular Shape
Molecular Shape of Larger Molecules
3.6 Electronegativity and Molecular Polarity
Electronegativity
Molecular Polarity
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 4
Chapter 4: Introduction to Organic Compounds
4.1 Alkanes - The Simplest Organic Compounds
Straight chain alkanes
Cycloalkanes
4.2 Representing the Structures of Organic Compounds
Condensed structural formulas
Skeletal structures
Cyclic alkanes
4.3 Fatty Acids - Biological Hydrocarbons
Alkanes are non-polar compounds
Structure and polarity of fatty acid molecules
Unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids in our diet
4.4 Families of Organic Compounds - Functional Groups
Unsaturated hydrocarbons - Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics
4.5 Isomerism in Organic Compounds, Part 1
Structural isomers
Conformational isomers
Nomenclature of simple compounds
Branched chain alkanes
Haloalkanes
Cycloalkanes
4.6 Isomerism in Organic Compounds, Part 2
Cis/Trans isomerism in cycloalkanes
Cis/Trans isomerism in alkenes
Stereoisomerism in chiral molecules
The consequences of chirality
Summary
Key Terms
Summary of Reactions
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 5
Chapter 5: Carbohydrates: Life's Sweet Molecules
5.1 Carbohydrates
5.2 Monosaccharide Structure
Functional Groups in Monosaccharides - Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Ketone
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Stereochemistry in Monosaccharides
Multiple Chiral Centers
Representing Stereoisomers - The Fischer Projection
Stereoisomers That are Not Enantiomers
Some Important Monosaccharides
5.3 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction
Monosaccharides and Redox
5.4 Ring Formation - The Truth about Monosaccharide Structure
5.5 Disaccharides
Condensation and Hydrolysis - Forming and Breaking Glycosidic Bonds
Naming Glycosidic Linkages
Some Important Disaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
Relative Sweetness of Monosaccharides and Sucrose
5.6 Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
Amylose and Amylopectin
Glycogen
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Chitin
5.7 Carbohydrates and Blood
ABO Blood Groups
Heparin
Summary
Key Terms
Summary of Reactions
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 6
Chapter 6: Intermolecular Forces: State Changes, Solubility, and Cell Membranes
6.1 Types of Intermolecular Forces
London Forces
Dipole-Dipole Attractions
Hydrogen Bonding
Ion-Dipole Attraction: A Similar Force
6.2 Intermolecular Forces and Solubility
The Golden Rule of Solubility
Applying the Golden Rule: To Non-polar Compounds
Applying the Golden Rule: To Polar Compounds
Applying the Golden Rule: To Ionic Compounds
The Unique Chemistry of Soap
6.3 Intermolecular Forces and Changes of State
Heat and Intermolecular Forces
Boiling Points and Alkanes
The Unusual Behavior of Water
6.4 Fats, Oils, and Margarine - Solid to Liquid and Back Again
Fats
Oils
Margarine: Changing the Liquid to a Solid
Trans Fats
6.5 Intermolecular Forces and the Cell Membrane
A Quick Look at Phospholipids
The Cell Membrane is a Bilayer
Cholesterol in Membranes
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 7
Chapter 7: Solution Chemistry: How Sweet is Your Tea?
7.1 Solutions are Mixtures
Phases of Solutes and Solvents
Colloids and Suspensions
7.2 Formation of Solutions
Factors Affecting Solubility and Saturated Solutions
Solubility and Temperature
Solubility and Pressure - Henry's Law
7.3 Chemical Equations for Solution Formation - Electrolytes
Strong Electrolytes
Nonelectrolytes
Weak Electrolytes
Ionic Solutions and Equivalents
7.4 Concentration
Milliequivalents per Liter (mEq/L)
Millimoles per Liter (mmol/L) and Molarity (M)
Percent (%)
Math Matters - Percent
Mass / volume Percent (% m/v)
Relationship to Other Common Units
Mass / mass Percent (% m/m)
Volume / volume Percent (% v/v)
Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)
7.5 Dilution
7.6 Osmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion and Dialysis
7.7 Transport Across Cell Membranes
Diffusion, Facilitated Transport, and Active Transport
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 6
Chapter 8: Acids, Bases, and the Building Blocks of Life
8.1 Acids and Bases - Definitions
Acids
Bases
8.2 Strong Acids and Bases
Neutralization
Antacids
8.3 Chemical Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant, Keq
Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
8.4 Weak Acids and Bases
Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant Ka
Conjugate Acids and Bases
8.5 pH and the pH scale
The Autoionization of Water, Kw
[H3O+], [OH-], and pH
Measuring pH
Math Matters - Logarithms and Inverse Logarithms
Calculating pH
Calculating [H3O+]
8.6 pKa
The relationship between pH and pKa
8.7 Amino Acids: Common Biological Weak Acids
8.8 Buffers: An Important Property of Weak Acids and Bases
Maintaining Physiological pH with Bicarbonate Buffer: Homeostasis
Changes in Ventilation Rate
Changes in Metabolic Acid Production
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 9
Chapter 9: Proteins - Amides at Work
9.1 Amino Acids - A second look
Amino Acid Structure
Amino Acid Classification
9.2 Protein Formation
Condensation Reaction of Amino Acids
Amide or Peptide, Which Is It?
9.3 Protein Structure
Primary Structure - N-terminus & C-terminus
Secondary structure
a-helix
b-strands and sheets
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
9.4 Protein Denaturation
9.5 Sample Proteins
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 10
Chapter 10: Enzymes - Nature's Chemists
10.1 Enzymes and Their Substrates
Active site
Catalysis
10.2 Enzyme Activity
10.3 Reaction Energetics and Thermodynamics
10.4 Reaction Energy Diagrams
10.5 Activation Energy (Ea)
Enzymes Lower Activation Energy
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 11
Chapter 11: Nucleic Acids - Big Molecules with a Big Role
11.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous Bases
Ribose and Deoxyribose
Condensation of the Components
Naming Nucleotides
11.2 Nucleic Acid Formation
Primary Structure: Nucleic Acid Sequence
11.3 DNA
Secondary Structure: Complementary Base Pairing
Tertiary Structure: Chromosomes
11.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Types
Messenger RNA and Transcription
Ribosomal RNA and the Ribosome
Transfer RNA and Translation
11.5 Putting It Together: The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
tRNA Activation
Translation
Termination
11.6 Genetic Mutations
11.7 Viruses
Retroviruses
HIV-1 and AIDS
11.8 Recombinant DNA Technology
Therapeutic Proteins
Genetically Modified Crops
Genetic Testing
Nuclear Transplantation - Cloning an Organism
Summary
Key Terms
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
Looking Ahead - GI problems for Chapter 12
Chapter 12: Food As Fuel - A Metabolic Overview
12.1 Overview of Metabolism
Where in the Cell?
12.2 Metabolically Relevant Nucleotides
ATP / ADP
NADH / NAD+ and FADH2 / FAD
Acetyl Coenzyme A / Coenzyme A
12.3 Digestion - From Fuel Molecules to Building Blocks
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
12.4 Glycolysis - From Building Blocks to Common Metabolites
Chemical Reactions in Glycolysis
Regulation of Glycolysis
Fates of Pyruvate
Aerobic Conditions
Anaerobic Conditions
Glycogen
Fructose
12.5 The Citric Acid Cycle - Central Processing
Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle Summary
12.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Thermogenesis - Uncoupling ATP Synthase
12.7 ATP Production
Counting ATP from One Glucose
Glycolysis
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
Total ATP from Glucose Oxidation
12.8 Other Fuel Choices
Energy from Fatty Acids
The Beta Oxidation Cycle
Cycle Repeats and ATP Production
Too Much Acetyl CoA - Ketosis
Energy from Amino Acids
Putting It Together: Linking the Pathways
Summary
Key Terms
Summary of Reactions
Additional Problems
Challenge Problems
Answers to Odd Numbered Problems
