Capillary Electrophoresis

List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 References 2 Brief History 2.1 References 3 Fundamental Concepts and Theoretical Principles 3.1 Ionic Mobility and Conduction of Electric Current 3.2 Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength 3.3 Effective Mobility 3.4 Electric Current and Mass Transfer 3.5 Regulating Function 3.6 The Moving Boundary Equation and Steady-State Migration 3.7 Unsteady-State Migration - Electromigration Dispersion 3.8 References 4 Phenomena Accompanying Electrophoresis 4.1 Joule Heat 4.2 Electroosmosis 4.3 Diffusion 4.4 Interactions of Separands with Capillary Walls 4.5 Electromigration Dispersion 4.6 References 5 Principles of Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques 5.1 Classification of Techniques 5.2 Zone Electrophoresis 5.3 Isotachophoresis 5.4 Isoelectric Focusing 5.5 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography 5.6 Electrophoresis in Sieving Media 5.7 References 6 Practice of Capillary Electrophoresis 6.1 The Separation Potential: Number of Theoretical Plates, 6.2 Dispersive Factors 6.2.1 Sample Injection 6.2.2 Diffusion 6.2.3 Joule Heat 6.2.4 Electromigration Dispersion 6.2.5 Electroosmosis 6.2.6 Sorption to the Capillary Wall 6.2.7 Other Dispersive Factors 6.3 Separation Efficiency Versus Applied Voltage 6.3.1 Simplified Model with Diffusion Only 6.3.2 N = F(E) in Open Capillaries 6.3.3 N = F(E) in Closed Capillaries 6.4 Selection of Operational Conditions 6.4.1 Minimization of the Electromigration Dispersion 6.4.2 Optimization of the Selectivity by Using Equilibria 6.4.3 Optimization of the Selectivity by Using Equilibria 6.4.4 Optimization of the Separation by Using Solutions 6.4.5 Capillary Electrophoresis in Sieving Media, Capillary Gel Electrophoresis 6.5 Practical Consequences of the Properties of the Capillary Inner Wall and Modifications of its Surface 6.5.1 Suppression of Solute Sorption by Electrostatic Repulsion and Dynamic Coating of the Capillary Wall 6.5.2 Suppression of Solute Sorption by Covalent Coating of the Capillary Wall 6.6 Evaluation of the Separation Record 6.6.1 Qualitative Analysis 6.6.2 Quantitative Analysis 6.7 Determination of Physico-Chemical Constants by CZE 6.7.1 Measurement of the Electroosmotic Flow 6.7.2 Measurement of Electrophoretic Mobilities, pK Values and Diffusion Coefficients of Analytes 6.8 References 7 Instrumentation - Principles, Components and How to Operate it 7.1 Basic Instrumental Set-Up for Capillary Electrophoresis 7.2 Separation Capillary 7.3 High Voltage Power Supply 7.4 Sample Injection 7.5 Detection 7.5.1 Conductivity Detection 7.5.2 Ultraviolet/Visible Absorbance Detectors 7.5.3 Fluorescence Detection 7.5.4 Thermooptical Absorbance Detection 7.5.5 Amperometric Detection 7.5.6 Capillary Electrophoresis - Mass Spectrometry 7.5.7 Other Detectors 7.5.8 Indirect Detection 7.5.9 Conclusion Remarks 7.6 References 8 Advanced Systems for Improvement of Selectivity, Sensitivity, and Identification 8.1 Gradient Techniques in Capillary Electrophoresis 8.2 Combined Se...