Progress in Botany

A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of Fungal Cells.- 1. Books and Reviews.- 2. Cytoskeleton.- a) The Components.- b) Actin.- c) Microtubules.- d) Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Transport.- 3. Hyphal Morphogenesis.- a) Hyphal Tip Growth.- b) Intercalary Growth.- 4. Yeast Budding and Mating Projections.- 5. Nuclear Division.- a) Mitosis.- b) Meiosis.- 6. Walls and Septa.- a) Microfibrils.- b) Chitosomes.- c) Chitin Synthetases.- d) Chitinolytic System.- e) ?-Glucan Synthesis.- f) Chemical Composition.- g) Porosity.- h) Protoplasts.- i) Septa.- 7. Spores.- a) Zoospores.- b) Conidia, Ascospores, Basidiospores.- ?) Formation.- ?) Structure and Wall Composition.- ?) Germination.- 8. Infection Structures.- a) Adhesion.- b) Appressoria.- c) Haustoria.- References.- II. Cytosymbiosis and Its Significance in Cell Evolution.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolic and Regulative Interactions.- a) Zoochlorellae, Zooxanthellae.- b) Endocytobiosis with Chemo-Autolithotrophic Bacteria in Extreme Habitats.- c) Establishment, Maintenance and Short-Term Evolution of Endocytobiotic Systems.- d) Endocyanomes.- 3. Plant Cell Organelles as Former Cytosymbionts.- a) The Endosymbiont Hypothesis (ESH).- b) Gene Transfer and Organelle Evolution.- c) Urkaryotes as Macrosymbionts in Organelle Evolution.- d) Evolution of Plant Mitochondria.- e) Evolution of Plastids.- f) Complex Plastids.- g) Cryptomonads as "Connecting Links" in the Evolution of Complex Plastids.- h) Possible Symbiotic Origin of Cell Organelles Other Than Mitochondria and Plastids.- 4. Concluding Remarks: Significance of Endocytobiosis in Cell Biology and Evolution.- References.- III. Comparative Morphology and Anatomy of the Stem of the Flowering Plants.- William C. Dickison.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodologies.- 3. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 4. Shoot Architecture.- 5. Apical Meristems, Differentiation, and Development.- a) Apical Meristems.- b) Shoot Ontogeny.- 6. Stem Endodermis.- 7. Nodal Anatomy.- 8. The Shoot of Monocotyledons.- 9. Secondary Growth.- a) Seasonal Cambial Activity (Growth Rings).- b) Growth and Healing in Vines.- c) Anomalous Secondary Growth.- 10. Evolutionary Wood Anatomy.- a) Vessel Element Evolution.- b) Evolution of Imperforate Tracheary Elements.- 11. Functional Wood Anatomy.- 12. Hydraulic Conductivity.- 13. Ecological Anatomy.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Mineral Nutrition: Aluminium.- 1. Introduction: Carnations and Roses, Tropical Savannas and Temperate Forests.- 2. The Toxic Action of Aluminium.- 3. Growth of Whole Plants and Genetic Disposition.- 4. Ion Transport Interactions.- a) Al-Pi Interactions.- b) Al-Ca/Mg Interactions.- c) Al-K Interactions.- d) Al-Si Interaction.- 5. Aland Membranes.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- II. Secondary Plant Substances Special Topics of the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Phenylpropanoid Metabolism.- 3. Flavonoids.- 4. Pterocarpans.- 5. Chlorogenic Acid and Related Esters.- 6. Rosmarinic Acid.- 7. Shikonin.- References.- III.Growth.- 1. General Reviews.- 2. Gibberellins.- a) Chemistry and Analysis.- b) Occurrence.- c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- ?) Enzymic Studies.- ?) Metabolic Studies.- ?) Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitors.- d) Physiological Effects and Modes of Action.- ?) Physiological Aspects.- ?) Modes of Action.- ?) Gibberellin Perception and Binding Proteins.- ?) Mutant Research.- 3. Cytokinins.- a) Syntheses and Analytical Methods.- b) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- c) Occurrence and Physiological Roles.- d) Modes of Action.- References.- IV. Locomotion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Automated Methods for Studying Behaviour in Microorganisms.- 3. Halobacterium.- a) Motility and Motor Responses.- b) The Photoreceptors.- c) Signal Transduction.- 4. Enterobacteria.- a) Motility and Motor Responses.- b) MCP-Dependent Signal Transduction.- c) The Phosphotransferase-Dependent Signal Transduction.- 5. Rhizosphere and Bacterial Chemotaxis.- 6. Chlamydomonas and Spermatozopsis.- a) Motility and Motor Responses.- b) The Photoreceptors and the Eyespot Apparatus.- c) Sensory Transduction.- d) Calcium Target and Flagellar Apparatus.- 7. Ecophysiological Aspects of Phototaxis in Flagellates.- 8. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium.- References.- V. Cell Physiology - Ubiquitin..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Occurrence and Putative Functions.- 3. Ubiquitin-Encoding Genes.- 4. Ubiquitination of Target Proteins.- 5. Deubiquitination of Substrates.- 6. Degradation of Substrates.- 7. N-End Rule and Ubiquitin-Dependent Protein Degradation.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nuclear Structure and DNA Replication.- 3. Cell Cycle and S Period.- 4. Origins and Initiation of DNA Replication.- 5. Enzymes and Proteins of Replication.- a) Helicases.- b) DNA Polymerases.- c) Telomerase.- 6. DNA Amplification.- a) PCR.- 7. Epilogue.- References.- II. Recombination: Reconstruction of Agronomically Important Characters Recombinant DNA Technology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Disease Resistance and Stress Tolerance.- a) Virus Resistance.- b) Insect Resistance.- ?) Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTi) Genes.- ?) Insect Control Protein Genes of Bacillus Thuringiensis.- ?) Wound-Inducible Inhibitor Genes.- c) Stress Tolerance.- ?) Osmotic Stress.- ?) Heavy Metal Tolerance.- 3. Quality Traits.- a) Protein Composition.- ?) Seed Storage Proteins.- ?) Patatin.- b) Lipid Biosynthesis.- c) Secondary Products.- ?) Foreign Products.- ?) Plant Metabolites.- 4. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 2. Antimutagenic Plant Substances.- 3. Gene Mutations.- a) Meiotic and Some Other Mutants in Higher Plants.- b) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- c) Somaclonal Variation.- 4. Genome Mutations.- a) Haploids.- b) Autopolyploids.- c) Allopolyploids.- ?) Natural Allopolyploids, Genome Analyses.- ?) Experimentally Produced Allopolyploids.- 5. Allopolyploids Through Somatic Hybridization.- References.- IV.Function of Genetic Material: Activity of Genes in Transgenic Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tools for Gene Transfer.- a) Reporter Genes.- b) Regulation Sequences.- 3. Transfer Methods.- a) Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer.- b) Direct Transfer of DNA.- ?) Transfer into Protoplasts.- ?) Transfer into Intact Cells.- ?) Miscellaneous Techniques.- ?) Cotransformation.- 4. Function of Transgenes in Higher Plants.- a) Universality of Gene Regulation.- b) Normal Function.- c) Deregulation of Transgenes.- ?) DNA Methylation.- ?) Taxonomically Distant Regulation Mechanisms.- ?) Multiple Copies ofTransgenes.- ?) Perturbation of Endogenous Genes Transgenes.- ?) Problems After Sequential Transformation.- ?) Position Effects.- ?) Posttranscriptional Effects.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Aspects of Plastid Evolution.- 3. Prochlorophytes - The Second Main Group Amongst Photoautotrophic Prokaryotes.- 4. Eukaryotic Algae and Their Plastids.- a) Cyanelles - Another Path to Plastids?.- b) Rhodophytic Algae.- c) Chromophytic Algae.- d) Chlorophytic Algae and Land Plants.- 5. Mutagenesis of Cyanobacterial Photosynthetic Genes.- a) The psbA Gene (D1 Reaction Center Protein).- b) The psbB Gene (CP47 Chlorophyll Apoprotein).- c) The psbC Genes (CP43 Chlorophyll Apoprotein and D2 Reaction Center Protein).- d) The psbEF Genes (Cytochrome b559).- e) The Water-Oxidizing/Oxygen-Evolving Comples (OEC).- f) The psaD Gene (Subunit II of Photosystem I).- g) The psaE Gene (Subunit IV of Photosystem I).- h) Genes for Light-Harvesting Complex Proteins.- i) The rbcLS Genes (Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase)..- References.- VI. Microbes and Microbial Products in Plant Protection.- 1. Introduction.- a) Nature's Own Weapons - a Realistic Supplement to Chemical Pesticides?.- b) Two Main Biological Approaches.- c) Mode of Action.- d) Multidisciplinary Studies Needed.- 2. Microbials.- a) Can Microbial Antagonists Be Used As Reliable Means of Plant Protection?.- b) New Concepts.- ?) Microbially Induced, Systemic Resistance.- ?) Contamination Chambers to Improve the Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi.- ?) The SRF-Technology and Related Concepts.- c) Post-Harvest Application of Microbials.- d) Insect Viruses.- e) New Studies of Well-Known Concepts.- 3. Biochemical Fungicides and Biochemical Insecticides.- a) Will Microbial Products, Produced Fermentation Be an Important and Environmentally Safer Alternative to the Chemically Produced Pesticides?.- b) The Role of Secondary Metabolites.- c) Screening.- d) The Biggest Biochemical Pesticide Discovery (to Date).- e) The Central Role of Japan in the Field of Discovery of Natural Products.- f) Other New and Interesting Discoveries.- g) Discoveries of New Insecticidal Products - with New Modes of Action (?).- h) Trends for Future of Biochemicals.- 4. Transgenic Plants and Manipulated Microorganisms, Using Genes of Microbial Origin.- a) Use of Microbial Genes.- b) Resistance to Virus Diseases.- c) Manipulation of Bt Genes for Insect Control.- 5. Future Breakthroughs.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- VII. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. What is Phenotypic Plasticity?.- 3. Observations on Plasticity.- 4. Determining the Reaction Norm.- 5. Quantitative Genetics and Plasticity.- 6. Is Plasticity Adaptive or Nonadaptive?.- 7. What is the Advantage of Being Plastic?.- 8. Correlations Between Characters.- 9. Theoretical Investigations.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Evolution and Classification of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Generalia.- 3. Taxonomic Theory and Concepts.- 4. Evolutionary Dynamics, Sex, and Modularity.- 5. Macromolecular Systematics.- 6. PCR.- 7. Analysis of Molecular Data.- 8. Molecular Clock.- 9. Plant Geography.- 10. Isozymes.- 11. Polyploidy and Karyology.- 12. Apomicts.- 13. Reproductive Systems.- 14. Genomes and Grasses.- 15. Character Analysis and Ontogeny.- 16. Seed Plant Phylogeny and Classification.- References.- II. Paleobotany.- 1. General.- a) DNA in Fossil Plants.- b) Antarctic and Arctic Plant Fossils.- c) Taphonomy.- 2. Spore Producing Plants.- a) Fungi.- b) Early Land Plants.- c) Bryophytes.- d) Lycopsids and Sphenopsids.- e) Pteridophytes.- f) Progymnosperms.- g) Insertae Sedis.- 3. Gymnosperms.- a) Pteridosperms.- b) Cycads.- c) Cordaitopsids and Coniferopsids.- d) Bennettitales, Gnetopsids, and Related Unassigned Forms.- e) Seed Plants of Uncertain Relationship.- 4. Angiosperms.- a) Early Angiosperm Pollen and Floral Organization.- b) Floral Assemblages and Distribution of Angiosperms.- c) Magnoliidae.- d) Hamamelididae.- e) Rosidae.- f) Monocotyledons.- References.- III. Systematics, Morphology, and Ecology of Lichenized Fungi.- 1. Taxonomy.- a) General Problems of Lichen Taxonomy.- b) Taxonomic Research on Different Groups.- 2. Morphology.- 3. Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Distribution.- 4. Ecology.- a) Lichens and Abiotic Environment.- b) Lichens and Biotic Environment.- c) Phytosociology and Community Development.- d) Floristics and Mapping.- e) Pollution.- 5. Photobionts.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Paleoethnobotany of Europe.- 2. Main Difficulties.- 3. Changes in the Distribution of Finds of Cutivated Plants.- 4. The History of Synanthropic Plants in Europe.- References.- II. Population Ecology.- 1. General.- 2. Clonal Organisation.- 3. Regeneration Seeds.- 4. Life Cycle Organization and Plant Strategies.- 5. Demography, Population Dynamics and Species Interactions.- 6. Applied Fields of Population Ecology.- References.- III. Terrestrial Ecosystem Research (Ecological Botany).- 1. General.- 2. Productivity and Carbon Cycle.- a) Biomass and Net Primary Production (NPP).- ?) General, Modeling, and Methods.- ?) Herbs and Grasses in Different Ecosystems, Mainly Grasslands.- ?) Woody Plants and Forest Ecosystems.- b) Carbon Cycle (see also Section 4a).- 3. Energy and Water Balance.- a) Energy Flow and Efficiency.- b) Transpiration and Water Cycle.- 4. Decomposition and Mineral Cycle.- a) Litter Fall, Decomposition, and Respiration.- ?) General.- ?) Grassland and Herb Communities.- ?) Woody Plants and Forest Ecosystems.- b) Mineral Cycle.- ?) General.- ?) Grassland and Herb Communities.- ?) Forest Ecosystems.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Seed Disperal.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Aspects.- 3. Dispersal and Gene Flow.- 4. Wind Dispersal, Ballistic Dispersal, and Diplochory.- 5. Dispersal Adhesion to Animals.- 6. Dispersal Water.- 7. Dispersal Frugivorous and Seed-Hoarding Vertebrates.- a) General Aspects.- b) Dispersal Volant Frugivorous Birds.- c) Dispersal Terrestrial Frugivorous Birds.- d) Dispersal Granivorous and Seed Hoarding Birds.- e) Dispersal Bats.- f) Dispersal Primates.- g) Dispersal Mainly Terrestrial Vertebrates (incl. Carnivores).- h) Dispersal Multiple Animal Vectors.- 8. Dispersal Ants.- 9. Dispersal Spectra in Communities.- 10. Dispersal Spectra in Larger Taxonomic Groups.- References.