Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

List of Contributors FORWARD by Frank V. F. Verstraete ABOUT PETER EMILY by Edward R. Eisner ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION by Peter P. Emily PART I 1.A HISTORY OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY By: Colin E. Harvey 2. ODONTOLOGY: A HISTORY OF TEETH By: Peter P. Emily 2.SPECIAL CONSIDERATION REGARDINGEQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES 3.DENTAL FORM AND FUNCTION AS IT RELATES TO DENTAL THERAPY OF WILD ANIMALS 4.CARNIVORES 5A. STANDARD ENDODONTICS 5B. SURGICAL ENDODONTICS 5C. PERIODONTICS 5D. CARIES AND OTHER RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES 5E. COMBINED PERIODONTIC AND ENDODONTICS 5F. SURGERY 6. HERBIVORES 6A. STANDARD AND SURGICAL ENDODONTICS 6B. ORAL SURGERY 7. MARSUPIAL AND HERBIVORE ABSCESSES: OSTIOMYELITIS, (LUMPY JAW) 8. ELEPHANTS AND TUSK THERAPY ENDODONTICS TUSK AMPUTATION 8A. TUSK THERAPY FOR HOG, WALRUS, ELEPHANT AND HIPPOPOTAMUS 8B. ELEPHANT DENTAL THERAPEUTICS By: Gerhardus Steenkamp, Professor of Surgery and Dentistry, University of Praetoria, South Africa 9. PRIMATES 9A. ENDODONTICS 9B. CARIES AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY 9C. PERIODONTICS 10. AVIAN FRACTURED AND MALOCCLUDED BEAKS 10A. BEAK FRACTURE REPAIR 10B. ORTHOBEAKICS 10C. BEAK REPAIR FOR AMPHIBIANS 10D. BEAKISTRY: ORTHOGNATHIC CORRECTIONS AND SURGICAL REPAIR ON AVIAN BEAKS By: Dr. Roberto Feccio, Sao Paulo, Brazil 11. DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PINNIPEDS By: Steven E. Holmstrom, DVM, DAVDC 12. PRACTICAL ANESTHESIA FOR CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS By: Felicia Knightly, DVM, Senior Veterinarian, Memphis Zoo PART II PERTINENT DENTAL INFORMATION, OF 340 SPECIES MOST OFTEN TREATED IN SANCTUARIES AND ZOOS 13. CARNIVORES: THE CAT FAMILY 13A. BIG CATS BOB CAT (LYNX RUFUS) CANADIAN LYNX CARACAL (AFRICAN LYNX) EUROPEAN LYNX CHEETAH COUGAR (MOUNTAIN LION, PUMA) MELANOTIC COUGAR (PANTHER) JAGUAR LEOPARD AMELANOTIC LEOPARD CLOUDED LEOPARD MELANOTIC LEOPARD SNOW LEOPARD SOMALIAN LEOPARD LIGER [STERILE HYBRID OF TIGER & AFRICAN LION] LION SERVAL TIGER 13B. SMALL CATS AFRICAN WILD CAT DOMESTIC CAT FISHING CAT GENET JUNGLE CAT OCELOT PALLAS CAT SAVANAH (F1 HYBRID CROSS: SERVAL & DOMESTIC CAT) 14. THE BEAR FAMILY 14A. BIG BEARS AMERICAN BLACK BEAR / BROWN BEAR CINNAMON BEAR (Subspecies of the American Black Bear) GRIZZLY BEAR HIMALAYAN BEAR KODIAK BEAR POLAR BEAR SPECTACLED BEAR SUN BEAR 14B. SMALL BEARS SLOTH BEAR 15. THE PRIMATES 15A. LOWER PRIMATES; PROSIMIANS - Suborder of Primates Prosimii - Long face, prominent whiskers, slightly sideways- looking eyes, nocturnal. AYE AYE BUSH BABY INDRI LEMURS BROWN LEMUR FLYING LEMUR PHILIPPINE COLUGO LORIS POTTO SIFAKA TARSIER 15B. HIGHER PRIMATES 15B.1. NEW WORLD MONKEYS (CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA) MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS COTTON-TOPPED MARMOSET TAMARIN CAPUCIAN-LIKE MONKEYS CAPUCIAN MONKEY HOWLER MONKEY RED FACED WARKARI SPIDER MONKEY WOOLY 15B.2. OLD WORLD MONKEYS (AFRICA & ASIA) COLOBUS LEAF MONKEY GUENONS, MACAQUES, BABOONS & MANDRILLS MACAQUE RHESUS MACAQUE (RHESUS MONKEY) BABOON (POPIO) CHACMA BABOON (SAVANNAH, OLIVE, YELLOW, COMMON BABOON) MANDRILL PROBOSCUS MONKEY VERVET (GRIVET MONKEY, GREEN MONKEY) 15B.3. LESSER APES GIBBON SIAMANG 15B.4. GREAT APES BONOBO (PIGMY CHIMPANZEE) CHIMPANZEE GORILLA HUMANS (MODERN MAN) ORANGUTAN 16. TREE SHREWS COMMON TREE SHREW 17. THE DOG FAMILY AFRICAN WILD DOG (AFRICAN PAINTED DOG) COYOTE DHOLE DINGO DOMESTIC DOG FOXES ARCTIC FOX GREY FOX KIT FOX RED FOX JACKALS BLACK-BACKED JACKAL (SILVER-BACKED JACKAL) SIDE-STRIPED JACKAL WOLVES GRAY WOLF (TIMBER WOLF) MANED WOLF 18. THE RACOON FAMILY COATI RACOON GIANT PANDA RED PANDA KINKAJOU 19. WEASEL FAMILY- WEASELS AND POLECATS BLACK-FOOTED FERRET DOMESTIC FERRET MARTENS PINE MARTEN FISHER (PEKAN, VIRGINIAN POLECAT) MINK AMERICAN MINK EUROPEAN MINK SKUNK WEASEL WOLVERINE OTTERS BADGER NORTH AMERICAN OTTER RIVER OTTER SEA OTTER SMALL CLAWED OTTER 20. THE MONGOOSE FAMILY BINTURONG CIVET GENET MEERKATS AFRICAN & ASIAN MONGOOSE BANDED MONGOOSE DWARF MONGOOSE GRAY MEERKAT (SURICATE MONGOOSE) RED MEERKAT (YELLOW MONGOOSE 21. THE HYENA FAMILY AARDWOLF BROWNS HYENA SPOTTED HYENA STRIPED HYENA 22. MARSUPIALS AMERICAN OPOSSUM BANDICOOTS AND BILBIES CUSCUSES AND BRUSHTAIL POSSUMS HONEY POSSUM KANGAROOS AND WALLABIES KOALA MARSUPIAL CARNIVORES TASMANIAN DEVIL RINGTAILS, PYGMY POSSUMS, GLIDERS WOMBAT COMMON WOMBAT 23. LARGE HERBIVORES - THE UNGULATES 23A. PRIMITIVE UNGULATES AARDVARK (ANT BEAR OR EARTH PIG) [AFRICA] ELEPHANTS ELEPHANT (AFRICAN) ELEPHANT (ASIAN) HYRAXES ROCK HYRAX (DASSIE) 23B. THE HOOFED MAMMALS 23B.1. ODD-TOED UNGULATES ASSES, HORSES AND ZEBRAS BURCHELL'S ZEBRA (PLAINS ZEBRA) GREVE'S ZEBRA-KENYA DOMESTIC HORSE MINIATURE HORSE RHINOCEROSES BLACK RHINOCEROS INDIAN RHINOCEROS WHITE RHINOCEROS AFRICAN DONKEY SARDINIAN DONKEY TAPIR 23B.2. EVEN-TOED UNGULATES 23B.2.1. NON-RUMINANT EVEN-TOED UNGULATES WILD PIGS AND BOARS OLD WORLD PIGS BABIRUSA BUSH PIG (RED RIVER HOG) DOMESTIC BOAR PECCARIES (JAVELINA) PYGMY HOG WARTHOG HIPPOPOTAMUS CAMELS, LLAMAS AND ALPACAS ALPACA CAMELS BACTRIAN CAMEL DROMEDARY CAMEL GUANACO LLAMA VICUNA 23B.2.2. RUMINANT EVEN-TOED UNGULATES 23B.2.2.a. WILD CATTLE AMERICAN BISON CAPE BUFFALO WATER BUFFALO YAK 23B.2.2.b. SPIRALED HORNED ANTELOPES BONGO BUSHBUCK COMMON ELAND GIANT ELAND GREATER KUDU MOUNTAIN NYALA 23B.2.2.c. BROWZING ANTELOPES GIRAFFE OKAPI 23B.2.2.d. GRAZING ANTELOPES GNU (WHITE-TAILED GNU, BLACK WILDEBEEST) WILDEBEEST HARTEBEEST IMPALA LECHWE PUKU REEDBUCK RHEBOK TESSEBE WATERBUCK 23B.2.2.e. HORSE-LIKE ANTELOPES GEMSBOK (ORYX, BEISA ORYX) ORYX PRONGHORN ANTELOPE ROAN ANTELOPE SABLE ANTELOPE SCIMITAR ORYX TOPI 23B.2.2.f. GAZELLES AND DWARF ANTELOPES ARGALE GOAT DIK DIK DOMESTIC AND WILD GOATS GERENUK GAZELLE 23B.2.2.g. GOAT ANTELOPES PIGMY GOAT SPRINGBOK (SPRINGBUCK) STEENBOK (STEENBUCK) BIGHORN SHEEP CHEVROTAIN (MOUSE DEER) DOMESTIC SHEEP MUSK DEER 23B.2.2.h. DEER CARIBOU (REINDEER) DUIKER MOOSE MULE DEER MUNTJAC RED DEER REED BUCK SAMBAR WAPITI (ELK) WHITETAIL DEER 24. SMALL HERBIVORES: RODENTS 24A. SQUIRREL-LIKE RODENTS ALPINE MARMOT BEAVER MOUNTAIN BEAVER POCKET GOPHER PRAIRIE DOG SCALY-TAILED SQUIRRELS AND POCKET MICE KANGAROO RAT SPRINGHARE SQUIRRELS SUGAR GLIDER 24B. MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS DORMICE COMMON DORMOUSE (HAZEL MOUSE) GERBIL HAMSTERS COMMON HAMSTER POCKET MICE NEW WORLD RATS AND MICE DEER MOUSE (WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE) WOOD RAT OLD WORLD RATS AND MICE COMMON RAT (NORWAY RAT, BROWN RAT) HOUSE MOUSE JERBOA JUMPING MICE AND BIRCHMICE VOLES AND LEMMINGS MEADOW VOLE PINE VOLE MUSKRAT 24C. CAVY-LIKE RODENTS CAPYBARA CAVIES GUINEA PIG (DOMESTIC) GUINEA PIG (PATAGONIAN) DEGU (SOUTH AMERICAN RAT) PACA NEW WORLD PORCUPINES AFRICAN PORCUPINE NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE 24D. OTHER CAVY-LIKE RODENTS AGOUTI CHINCHILLA 24E. OLD WORLD PORCUPINES AFRICAN MOLE-RAT GUNDI 25. LAGOMORPHS NORTH AMERICAN PIKA RABBITS AND HARES ANTELOPE JACKRABBIT EASTERN COTTONTAIL SNOWSHOE HARE 26. ELEPHANT-SHREW 27. INSECT-EATERS: INSECTIVORES GOLDEN MOLE HEDGEHOG MOLES AND DESMANS WESTERN MOLE SHREW SOLENODON TENREC 28. EDENTATES ANTEATER ARMADILLO; NINE-BANDED GIANT ARMADILLO (ONE OF THE FAIRY ARMADILLOS) PANGOLIN SLOTHS THREE-TOED SLOTH TWO-TOED SLOTH 29. BATS BROWN BAT OLD WORLD FRUIT BAT VESPERTILIONID BAT 30. MONOTREMES DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS ECHIDNA 31. MARINE MAMMALS 31A. WHALES, PORPOISES AND DOLPHINS 31A.1. TOOTHED WHALES BEAKED WHALE DOLPHINS BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN COMMON DOLPHIN FALSE KILLER WHALE KILLER WHALE PORPOISE RIVER DOLPHIN SPERM WHALE WHITE WHALE BELUGA WHALE 31A.2. BALEEN WHALES GRAY WHALE RIGHT WHALE RORQUAL HUMPBACK WHALE 31B. SEALS AND SEA LIONS 31B.1. EARED SEALS CALIFORNIA SEA LION HOODED SEALS STELLAR SEA LION NORTHERN FUR SEAL 31B.2. TRUE SEALS (HAIR SEALS) CRABEATER SEAL ELEPHANT SEAL HARBOUR SEAL WALRUS 31C. SEA COWS AND MANATEES DUGONG MANATEE 32. AMPHIBIANS TORTOISE TURTLE 33. REPTILES CAIMAN CROCODILE LIZARD CAMELEON IGUANA KOMODO DRAGON MONITOR LIZARD SNAKES ANACONDA VINE BOA 34. AVIAN 34A. BIRDS OF PREY EAGLES AFRICAN FISHING EAGLE AMERICAN BALD EAGLE BATELLEUR EAGLE MARTIAL EAGLE TAWNY EAGLE OWLS AFRICAN GIANT EAGLE OWL AFRICAN PELS FISHING OWL SPOTTED EAGLE OWL WHITE FACED OWL 34B. SCAVANGERS LONG-TAILED SHRIKE MAGPIE VULTURES TURKEY VULTURE WHITE-BACKED VULTURE STORKS MARIBOO STORK YELLOW-BILLED STORK OPEN-BILLED STORK SADDLE-BILLED STORK 34C. PSITTACINE BIRDS HORNBILLS AFRICAN GREY HORNBILL RED-BILLED HORNBILL SOUTHERN GROUND HORNBILL YELLOW-BILLED LOVE BIRD MACAW 34D. GROUND-NESTING BIRDS AND SHORE BIRDS CROWNED CRANE SAURUS CRANE WATTLED CRANE EGRET QUEEN EGRET EMU FLAMINGO HOODED GUINEAFOWL HAMMERKOP SQUACCO HERON IBIS KINGFISHER KOOKABURRA KORI BUSTARD OSTRICH SECRETARY BIRD 34E. AQUATIC BIRDS BLACK CORMORANT DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT PELICAN PENGUIN 34E.1. DUCKS, GEESE AND AQUATIC BIRDS 34E.1A. DUCKS AND GEESE 34E.1A.1. DUCKS AFRICAN SPOON-BILL DOUBLE CRESTED CORMORANT MALLARD DUCK COMMON MERGANSER NORTHERN SHOVELER DUCK RING-NECKED DUCK WOOD DUCK 34E.2A.2. GEESE CANADA GOOSE EGYPTIAN GOOSE SPUR-WINGED GOOSE APPENDICIES I.TAXONOMY II.TYPES OF DENTITION III.DENTAL FORMULAS IV.FEEDING ADAPTATIONS GLOSSARY REFERENCES INDEX