Music, Sound and Technology

1 Fundamental Mathematical and Physical Concepts in Acoustics.- 1.1 The basic quantities: length, mass, and time.- 1.2 Velocity and acceleration.- 1.3 Vectors.- 1.4 Force, energy, and power.- 1.5 A simple oscillating system.- 1.6 Wave propagation.- 1.7 Sound fields.- 1.8 Power, sound pressure, and the decibel.- 1.9 Directional characteristics of sound radiators.- 1.10 Environmental acoustical effects.- 1.11 Interference effects.- References.- 2 Psychological Acoustics.- 2.1 Physiology of the ear.- 2.2 Loudness phenomena.- 2.3 Localization phenomena.- 2.4 Pitch perception.- 2.5 Critical bands; consonance and dissonance.- References.- Additional Resources.- 3 Scales, Temperament, and Tuning.- 3.1 Major and minor scales.- 3.2 The harmonic series.- 3.3 The Pythagorean scale.- 3.4 The just scale.- 3.5 Meantone temperament.- 3.6 Equal temperament.- 3.7 Equal temperament in musical practice.- 3.8 Other tunings in contemporary performance.- 3.9 Pitch standards.- 3.10 The pitch spiral; key chroma.- References.- Additional Resources.- 4 Musical Sound Generation and Radiation.- 4.1 Basic power relationships.- 4.2 The chordophones-strings and sounding boards.- 4.3 Aerophones I-a simple open air column.- 4.4 Aerophones II-reeds and resonators.- 4.5 Aerophones III-1 Fundamental Mathematical and Physical Concepts in Acoustics.- 1.1 The basic quantities: length, mass, and time.- 1.2 Velocity and acceleration.- 1.3 Vectors.- 1.4 Force, energy, and power.- 1.5 A simple oscillating system.- 1.6 Wave propagation.- 1.7 Sound fields.- 1.8 Power, sound pressure, and the decibel.- 1.9 Directional characteristics of sound radiators.- 1.10 Environmental acoustical effects.- 1.11 Interference effects.- References.- 2 Psychological Acoustics.- 2.1 Physiology of the ear.- 2.2 Loudness phenomena.- 2.3 Localization phenomena.- 2.4 Pitch perception.- 2.5 Critical bands; consonance and dissonance.- References.- Additional Resources.- 3 Scales, Temperament, and Tuning.- 3.1 Major and minor scales.- 3.2 The harmonic series.- 3.3 The Pythagorean scale.- 3.4 The just scale.- 3.5 Meantone temperament.- 3.6 Equal temperament.- 3.7 Equal temperament in musical practice.- 3.8 Other tunings in contemporary performance.- 3.9 Pitch standards.- 3.10 The pitch spiral; key chroma.- References.- Additional Resources.- 4 Musical Sound Generation and Radiation.- 4.1 Basic power relationships.- 4.2 The chordophones-strings and sounding boards.- 4.3 Aerophones I-a simple open air column.- 4.4 Aerophones II-reeds and resonators.- 4.5 Aerophones III-the lip reeds.- 4.6 Membranophones.- 4.7 Idiophones.- 4.8 Starting and stopping transients.- 4.9 The voice.- References.- 5 Acoustics of String Instruments.- 5.1 The violin.- 5.2 The string family.- 5.3 The guitar.- 5.4 The harp.- 5.5 Modern versions of the bass and the guitar.- 5.6 Acoustical characteristics of string instruments.- References.- Additional Resources.- 6 Acoustics of Woodwind Instruments.- 6.1 Classification of woodwind instruments.- 6.2 Transposing instruments.- 6.3 The flute.- 6.4 The oboe.- 6.5 The clarinet.- 6.6 The bassoon.- 6.7 The saxophones.- 6.8 Acoustical characteristics of woodwind instruments.- References.- Additional Resources.- 7 Acoustics of Brass Instruments.- 7.1 Classification of brass instruments.- 7.2 Changing speaking length: crooks, valves, and slides.- 7.3 The horn.- 7.4 The trumpet.- 7.5 The trombone.- 7.6 The tuba.- 7.7 Acoustical characteristics of brass instruments.- References.- Additional Resources.- 8 Acoustics of Percussion Instruments.- 8.1 Classification of percussion instruments.- 8.2 Membranophones: the drum family.- 8.3 Metallophones.- 8.4 Xylophones.- 8.5 Ranges of the pitched metallophones and xylophones.- 8.6 Special effects.- 8.7 The drum set.- 8.8 Acoustical characteristics of percussion instruments.- References.- Additional Resources.- 9 Acoustics of Keyboard Instruments.- 9.1 Historical instruments.- 9.2 The piano.- 9.3 The celesta.- 9.4 The pipe organ.- 9.5 Electronic keyboard instruments.- 9.6 Acoustical characteristics of keyboard instruments.- References.- Additional Resources.- 10 Musical Ensembles.- 10.1 Evolution of chamber ensembles.- 10.2 Evolution of the orchestra.- 10.3 Acoustical power output of the orchestra.- 10.4 The vocal chorus with orchestra.- 10.5 Ensembles in the opera house.- 10.6 Ensembles in popular music.- 10.7 The musical theater.- 10.8 The symphonic band.- 10.9 Requirements for good ensemble and intonation.- 10.10 Sound pressure levels within ensembles.- 10.11 Spectra of ensembles.- References.- 11 Music and Speech in Performance Environments.- 11.1 Acoustics of enclosed spaces.- 11.2 Requirements for music performance spaces.- 11.3 Electronic concert halls.- 11.4 Halls for speech.- 11.5 Small halls for music performance.- 11.6 Acoustics of rehearsal spaces.- 11.7 Worship spaces.- 11.8 Acoustical isolation and noise control.- References.- Additional Resources.- 12 Principles of Speech and Music Reinforcement.- 12.1 Basic approaches.- 12.2 System stability and gain calculations.- 12.3 Intelligibility calculations.- 12.4 Systems for houses of worship.- 12.5 Systems for auditoriums.- 12.6 Systems for high-level music reinforcement.- 12.7 Systems for motion picture theaters.- References.- 13 Principles of Sound Recording.- 13.1 Basic system concepts.- 13.2 Microphones.- 13.3 Basic stereo pickup techniques.- 13.4 Magnetic recording.- 13.5 Signal processing.- 13.6 Recording system architecture.- References.- 14 High Fidelity Sound in the Home.- 14.1 Basic components of a high fidelity system.- 14.2 AM radio transmission and reception.- 14.3 FM radio transmission and reception.- 14.4 The long-playing (LP) record.- 14.5 The cassette.- 14.6 The compact disc (CD).- 14.7 Signal control.- 14.8 Amplifiers.- 14.9 Loudspeakers.- 14.10 Listening room considerations.- References.- 15 Overview of Music Synthesis.- 15.1 Anatomy of a musical sound.- 15.2 Attack: the initial transient.- 15.3 Steady-state conditions.- 15.4 Decay of tones.- 15.5 Ensemble considerations.- 15.6 Representation of steady-state waveforms in time and frequency domains.- 15.7 The performer's interface.- References.- 16 Active Noise Control.- 16.1 Principle of active sound cancellation.- 16.2 Sound pressure reduction.- 16.3 Sound power absorption at room boundaries.- 16.4 Recent developments.- 16.5 Conclusions.- References.- Additional Resource.