Inventing the sporting republic -- Athens, 1896 : "See the conquering heroes come" -- Paris, 1900 : exhibiting American athletic nationalism -- St. Louis 1904 : an "all-American" Olympics -- The limits of universal claims : how class, gender, race, and ethnicity shaped the sporting republic -- Athens, 1906, and London, 1908 : Uncle Sam was all right -- Stockholm, 1912 : the sporting republic's zenith -- The idea of a sporting republic : athletic technology, American political culture, and progressive visions of civilizat -- The decline of the sporting republic.