Written by veterinarians across multiple disciplines with expertise in the canine musculoskeletal system, this book offers an easy-to-use guide for diagnosing lameness in dogs. Canine Lameness focuses on evaluation and diagnostic techniques, with descriptions of the most common reasons for lameness. Arranged by anatomical region, this approach complements the clinical assessment of a patient.
Designed for ease of use, the book puts all the information needed to evaluate and diagnose a dog's orthopedic status at the reader's fingertips. Particular emphasis is placed on orthopedic examination, radiographic anatomy, and abnormal radiographic findings.
Features of Canine Lameness:
* Offers a comprehensive guide to diagnosing musculoskeletal diseases causing lameness in dogs
* Brings clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and relevant musculoskeletal anatomy together into a single resource
* Takes a logical, regions-based approach, outlining diagnostic steps and differential diagnoses for each specific area
* Focuses on commonly encountered conditions while highlighting critical diagnostic steps to ensure other, less common, differential diagnoses are not missed
* Includes access to a companion website with video clips demonstrating detailed steps of the examination, techniques, and lameness conditions
Canine Lameness is an excellent resource for veterinarians and staff involved in the diagnosis of lameness in dogs, and will be of great benefit to all animal health professionals working in the area of canine orthopedics.
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Zielgruppe
Maße
Höhe: 255 mm
Breite: 181 mm
Dicke: 22 mm
Gewicht
ISBN-13
978-1-119-47402-9 (9781119474029)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
The Editor
FELIX DUERR, Dr. med. vet., MS, DACVS-SA, DECVS, DACVSMR, is Associate Professor of Small Animal Orthopedics in the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor Biography
About the website
Part 1: Lameness Diagnosis
Section I: Lameness Evaluation
Chapter 1 Subjective Gait Evaluation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Observation at Rest
1.3 Observation in Motion
1.3.1 Presentation
1.3.2 Gait Patterns
1.3.3 Head Nod and Pelvic Tilt
1.3.4 Lameness Characteristics
1.3.5 Lameness Grading
1.4 References
Chapter 2 Objective Gait Analysis
2.1 Intro
2.2 Kinetic Analysis
2.2.1 Force Plate Systems: The Basics
2.2.2 Force Plate Systems: Kinetic Measurements
2.2.3 Force Plate Systems: Clinically Reported Values
2.2.4 Pressure Sensitive Walkway Systems: The Basics
2.2.5 Pressure Sensitive Walkway Systems: Clinically Reported Values
2.2.6 Static or Standing Kinetic Analysis
2.3 Kinematic Analysis
2.3.1 Description and Measurement of Joint Motion
2.3.2 Kinematic Systems
2.3.3 Kinematic Models
2.3.4 Other Methods of Kinematic Analysis
2.3.5 Kinematic Variables
2.4 Making the Best of Your Gait Data Collection
2.4.1 Habituation
2.4.2 Animal Handlers
2.4.3 Velocity and Acceleration
2.4.4 Marker Application
2.4.5 Comparing Averages
2.5 Evaluating Gait Data
2.5.1 Normalization to Body Weight
2.5.2 Percent Change
2.5.3 Gait Symmetry
2.6 References
Chapter 3 The Orthopedic Examination
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Orthopedic Examination
3.2.1 History and Signalment
3.2.2 Visual Exam
3.2.3 Palpation
3.3 References
Chapter 4 The Neurologic Examination
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Neuroanatomy Related to Limb Function
4.2.1 Anatomical Components of the Nervous System
4.2.2 Functional Components of the Nervous System
4.3 The Neurologic Examination
4.3.1 Mentation Status (Awareness) and Behavior
4.3.2 Posture
4.3.3 Gait
4.3.4 Cranial Nerves
4.3.5 Postural Reactions
4.3.6 Muscle Mass and Tone
4.3.7 Spinal Reflexes
4.4 Diagnostic Tests
4.4.1 Survey Radiographs
4.4.2 Myelography
4.4.3 Computed Tomography
4.4.4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4.4.5 Electrodiagnostic Examination
4.4.6 Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
4.5 References
Chapter 5 The Rehabilitation Examination
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Passive Range of Motion
5.2.1 How to Perform Passive Range of Motion Testing
5.2.2 How to Interpret Passive Range of Motion Testing
5.3 Joint Play
5.3.1 How to Perform Joint Play Testing
5.3.2. How to Interpret Joint Play Testing
5.4 Flexibility Testing
5.4.1 How to Perform Flexibility Testing
5.4.2 How to Interpret Flexibility Testing
5.5 Strength Testing
5.5.1 How to Perform Strength Testing
5.5.2 How to Interpret Strength Testing
5.6 References
Chapter 6 The Myofascial Examination
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Characteristics of Myofascial Trigger Points
6.3 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Myofascial Trigger Points
6.4 The Myofascial Examination
6.5 Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patterns Associated with Lameness
6.6 Clinical Significance
6.7 References
Section II: Diagnostic Techniques
Chapter 7 Arthrocentesis Technique
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Risks and Contraindications
7.3 Restraint
7.4 Site Preparation
7.5 Equipment
7.6 Approaches
7.6.1 Carpus
7.6.2 Elbow
7.6.3 Shoulder
7.6.4 Tarsus
7.6.5 Stifle
7.6.6 Hip
7.7 References
Chapter 8 Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Patient Selection
8.3 Sedation Protocols
8.4 Intra-articular Anesthetic Instillation
8.5 Lameness Evaluation and Interpreting the Effect of Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia
8.6 References
Chapter 9 Joint Fluid Analysis and Collection Considerations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sample Submission and Prioritization of Diagnostic Tests
9.3 Gross, Biochemical, and Cytologic Examination
9.3.1 Gross Appearance
9.3.2 Protein Concentration
9.3.3 Total Nucleated Cell Counts
9.3.4 Cytological Analysis
9.3.5 Mucin Clot Test
9.4 Canine Arthropathies
9.4.1 Suppurative Arthropathies
9.4.2 Non-suppurative Arthropathies
9.4.3 Neoplasia
9.5 References
Chapter 10 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in Lameness Evaluation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Radiography
10.3 Ultrasonography
10.4 Computed Tomography
10.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
10.6 Nuclear Medicine
10.7 References
Chapter 11 Diagnostic Approach to Neoplastic Conditions Causing Lameness
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Diagnostic Methods
11.2.1 Physical Examination
11.2.2 Fine-needle Aspirate and Biopsy
11.2.3 Diagnostic Imaging
11.2.4 Staging
11.3 Specific Tumors
11.3.1 Skin and Subcutaneous Neoplasia
11.3.2 Muscle Neoplasia
11.3.3 Bone Neoplasia
11.3.4 Joint Capsule Neoplasia
11.4 References
Part 2: Regional Diagnosis
Section III: Thoracic Lameness
Chapter 12 Distal Limb Region: Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Digits, Sesamoids, and Associated Structures
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Normal Anatomy
12.2.1 Thoracic Limb
12.2.2 Pelvic Limb
12.2.3 Function, Posture and Carriage
12.3 Arthritis
12.4 Fractures
12.4.1 Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures
12.4.2 Digit Fractures and Luxations
12.4.3 Sesamoid Disease
12.5 Conditions of Muscles, Tendon, and Ligaments
12.5.1 Dorsal Digital Ligament Sprain
12.5.2 Digital Flexor Muscle and Tendon Injuries
12.6 Conditions of the Digital and Paw Pads
12.6.1 Trauma
12.6.2 Corns
12.6.3 Abnormal Wear and Migration
12.6.4 Dermatologic Conditions Causing Lameness
12.7 Conditions of the Digit/Paw Skin
12.7.1 Interdigital Web Injuries
12.7.2 Pododermatitis
12.7.3 Acral Lick Dermatitis
12.8 Conditions of the Claws
12.8.1 Trauma
12.8.2 Paronychia
12.8.3 Deformed Claws
12.8.4 Symmetrical Lupoid Onychodystrophy
12.9 Other Conditions Affecting the Distal Limb Region
12.9.1 Neurological Conditions
12.9.2 Dysostoses
12.9.3 Hypertrophic Osteopathy
12.9.4 Metabolic Bone Diseases
12.9.5 Distal Limb Region Neoplasia
12.10 References
Chapter 13 Carpal Region
13.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses
13.2 Normal Anatomy and Osteoarthritis
13.2.1 Immune-mediated Polyarthritis
13.3 Fractures of the Carpal Region
13.3.1 Signalment and History
13.3.2 Physical Examination
13.3.3 Diagnostics
13.4 Carpal Hyperextension and Other Carpal Ligamentous Injuries
13.4.1 Signalment and History
13.4.2 Physical Examination
13.4.3 Diagnostics
13.4.4 Other Carpal Ligamentous Injuries
13.5 Deformities of the Carpal Region
13.5.1 Signalment and History
13.5.2 Physical Examination
13.5.3 Diagnostics
13.6 Tendinous and Muscular Lesions of the Carpal Region
13.7 Other Diseases Affecting the Carpal Region
13.7.1 Lack or Loss of Carpal Extension
13.7.2 Lack or Loss of Carpal Flexion
13.7.3 Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
13.7.4 Shearing Injuries
13.7.5 Carpal Region Neoplasia
13.7.6 Miscellaneous Other Conditions
13.8 References
Chapter 14 Elbow Region
14.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses
14.2 Normal Anatomy and Arthritis
14.3 Fractures of the Elbow Region
14.3.1 Signalment and History
14.3.2 Physical Exam
14.3.3 Diagnostics
14.4 Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle
14.4.1 Signalment and History
14.4.2 Physical Exam
14.4.3 Diagnostics
14.5 Elbow Dysplasia/Incongruity
14.6 Medial Compartment Disease
14.6.1 Signalment and History
14.6.2 Physical Exam
14.6.3 Diagnostics
14.7 Traumatic Fracture of the Medial Coronoid Process
14.8 Osteochondrosis Dissecans
14.9 Ununited Anconeal Process
14.9.1 Signalment and History
14.9.2 Physical Exam
14.9.3 Diagnostics
14.10 Elbow Luxation
14.10.1 Signalment and History
14.10.2 Physical Exam
14.10.3 Diagnostics
14.11 Panosteitis
14.11.1 Signalment and History
14.11.2 Physical Exam
14.11.3 Diagnostics
14.12 Septic Arthritis
14.12.1 Signalment and History
14.12.2. Physical Exam
14.12.3 Diagnostics
14.13 Flexor Enthesopathy
14.13.1 Signalment and History
14.13.2 Physical Exam
14.13.3 Diagnostics
14.14 Other Diseases Affecting the Elbow Region
14.14.1 Calcinosis Circumscripta
14.14.2 Radioulnar Ischemic Necrosis
14.14.3 Triceps Tendon Disruption
14.14.4 Elbow Region Neoplasia
14.14.5 Miscellaneous Other Conditions
14.15 References
Chapter 15 Shoulder Region
15.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses
15.2 Normal Anatomy and Osteoarthritis
15.3 Fractures of the Shoulder Region
15.4 Medial Shoulder Instability
15.4.1 Signalment and History
15.4.2 Physical Exam
15.4.3 Diagnostics
15.5 Traumatic shoulder luxation
15.5.1 Signalment and History
15.5.2 Physical Exam
15.5.3 Diagnostics
15.6 Biceps Brachii Tendinopathy
15.6.1 Signalment and History
15.6.2 Physical Exam
15.6.3 Diagnostics
15.7 Supraspinatus Tendinopathy
15.7.1 Signalment and History
15.7.2 Physical Exam
15.7.3 Diagnostics
15.8 Infraspinatus Disease
15.8.1 Signalment and History
15.8.2 Physical Exam
15.8.3 Diagnostics
15.9 Osteochondrosis Dissecans
15.9.1 Signalment and History
15.9.2 Physical Exam
15.9.3 Diagnostics
15.10 Other Diseases Affecting the Shoulder Region
15.10.1 Caudal Glenoid Fragments
15.10.2 Glenoid Dysplasia
15.10.3 Adhesive Capsulitis
15.10.4 Shoulder Region Neoplasia
15.10.5 Miscellaneous Other Conditions
15.11 References
Section IV: Pelvic Lameness
Chapter 16 Neurological Disease of the Thoracic Limb
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Relevant Anatomy
16.3. Neurological Diseases Affecting the Thoracic limb
16.3.1 Myelopathies and Radiculopathies
16.3.2. Neuropathies (Nerves and Brachial Plexus)
16.3.3 Myopathies and Junctionopathies
16.3.4 Other Spinal Diseases Affecting the Thoracic Limb
16.4 References
Chapter 17 Neoplastic Conditions of the Thoracic Limb
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Neoplasia of Specific Regions
17.2.1 Distal Limb Region
17.2.2. Carpal Region
17.2.3. Elbow Region
17.2.4. Shoulder Region
17.2.5. Nervous System
17.3 References
Chapter 18 Tarsal Region
18.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses
18.2 Normal Anatomy
18.3 Fractures of the Tarsal Region
18.3.1 Signalment and History
18.3.2 Physical Exam
18.3.3 Diagnostics
18.4 Tarsal Joint Luxations
18.4.1 Signalment and History
18.4.2 Physical Exam
18.4.3 Diagnostics
18.5 Pathology of the Common Calcanean Tendon
18.5.1 Traumatic Rupture
18.5.2 Chronic Gastrocnemius Tendinopathy
18.5.3 Luxation of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon
18.6 Osteochondrosis Dissecans
18.6.1 Signalment and History
18.6.2 Physical Exam
18.6.3 Diagnostics
18.7 Other Diseases Affecting the Tarsal Region
18.7.1 Tarsal Deformities
18.7.2 Idiopathic Tarsal Hyperflexion
18.7.3 Idiopathic Tarsal Hyperextension
18.7.4 Osteochondrosis Fragment Migration into the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath
18.7.5 Tarsal Region Neoplasia
18.7.6 Miscellaneous Other Conditions
18.8 References
Chapter 19
19.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses
19.2 Normal Anatomy
19.2.1 The Stifle Joint
19.2.2 Muscles of the Stifle Joint
19.3 Fractures of the Stifle Region
19.3.1 Patellar Fractures
19.3.2 Salter-Harris Fractures
19.4 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease
19.4.1 Signalment and History
19.4.2 Physical Exam
19.4.3 Diagnostics
19.5 Patellar Luxation
19.5.1 Signalment and History
19.5.2 Physical Exam
19.5.3 Diagnostics
19.6 Stifle Luxation
19.6.1 Signalment and History
19.6.2 Physical Exam
19.6.3 Diagnostics
19.7 Isolated Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture
19.8 Osteochondrosis Dissecans
19.9 Patellar Ligament Pathology
19.9.1 Non-traumatic Patellar (Ligament) Desmopathy
19.9.2 Patellar Ligament Laceration/Rupture
19.10 Other Diseases Affecting the Stifle Region
19.10.1 Angular Limb Deformity
19.10.2 Gastrocnemius Injury
19.10.3 Long Digital Extensor Tendon Injury
19.10.4 Stifle Region Neoplasia
19.10.5 Miscellaneous Other Conditions
19.11 References
Chapter 20 Hip Region
20.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses
20.2 Normal Anatomy
20.3 Fractures of the Hip Region
20.3.1 Sacroiliac Joint Luxation and Sacral fractures
20.3.2 Fractures of the Ilium
20.3.3 Fractures of the Coxofemoral Joint
20.4 Coxofemoral Luxation
20.4.1 Signalment and History
20.4.2 Physical Exam
20.4.3 Diagnostics
20.5 Hip Dysplasia
20.5.1 Signalment and History
20.5.2 Physical Exam
20.5.3 Diagnostics
20.6 Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
20.6.1 Signalment and History
20.6.2 Physical Exam
20.6.3 Diagnostics
20.7 Muscle Contractures
20.7.1 Gracilis Contracture
20.7.2 Quadriceps Contracture
20.8 Iliopsoas Tendinopathy
20.8.1 Signalment and History
20.8.2 Physical Exam
20.8.3 Diagnostics
20.9 Other Diseases Affecting the Hip Region
20.9.1 Sacroiliac Joint
20.9.2 Septic Arthritis
20.9.3 Muscle Strains and Tears
20.9.4 Hip Region Neoplasia
20.9.5 Miscellaneous Other Conditions
20.10 References
Chapter 21 Neurological Disease of the Pelvic Limb
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Relevant Anatomy
21.3 Neurological Diseases Affecting the Pelvic Limb
21.3.1 Myelopathies and Radiculopathies
21.3.2 Neuropathies (Nerves and Lumbosacral Plexus)
21.3.3 Myopathies and Junctionopathies
21.3.4 Other Neurologic and Spinal Diseases Affecting the Pelvic Limb
21.4 References
Chapter 22 Neoplastic Conditions of the Pelvic Limb
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Neoplasia of Specific Regions
22.2.1. Distal Limb Region
22.2.2 Tarsal Region
22.2.3 Stifle Region
22.2.4 Hip Region
22.2.5 Nervous System
22.3 References
Appendices
Glossary of Terms
Index
