The Cell Membrane: Eicosanoids and Receptors/Signal Transduction I. The Lipid Component of the Cell Membrane II. The Protein Component of the Cell Membrane III. Membrane Transport Proteins IV. G-Protein-Linked Receptors V. Types of G-Protein-Linked Receptors VI. Enzyme-Linked Receptors VII. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor VIII. Summary Table Cytoplasm and Organelles I. Cytoplasm II. Ribosomes III. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum IV. Golgi Complex V. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER) VI. Mitochondria VII. Lysosomes VIII. Peroxisomes IX. Cytoskeleton X. Cell Inclusions XI. Selected Photomicrographs Nucleus I. Nuclear Envelope II. Apoptosis III. Nucleolus IV. Assembly of the Ribosome Protein Synthesis I. General Features II. Transcription III. Processing the RNA Transcript into MRNA IV. Translation V. Clinical Considerations Chromosomal DNA I. The Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids II. Levels of DNA Packaging III. Centromere IV. Heterochromatin and Euchromatin V. Studying Human Chromosomes VI. Staining of Chromosomes VII. Chromosome Morphology Numerical Chromosomal Anomalies I. Polyploidy II. Mixoploidy III. Aneuploidy IV. Selected Photographs Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities I. Deletions II. Microdeletions III. Translocations IV. Unstable Expanding Repeat Mutations (Dynamic Mutations) V. Isochromosomes VI. Inversions VII. Breakage VIII. Selected Photographs Chromosome Replication and DNA Synthesis I. General Features II. The Replication Process III. The Telomere IV. Types of DNA Damage and DNA Repair V. Summary of DNA Replication Machinery Meiosis and Genetic Recombination I. Meiosis II. Oogenesis: Female Gametogenesis III. Spermatogenesis: Male Gametogenesis IV. Genetic Recombination The Human Nuclear Genome I. General Features II. Protein-Coding Genes III. RNA-Coding Genes IV. Epigenetic Control V. Non-Coding DNA The Human Mitochondrial Genome I. General Features II. Protein-Coding Genes III. RNA-Coding Genes IV. Other Mitochondrial Proteins V. Mitochondrial Diseases Control of Gene Expression I. General Features II. Mechanism of Gene Expression III. The Structure of Transcription Factors, Gene Regulatory Proteins, and Other Trans-Acting Factors IV. Clinical Considerations V. Other Mechanisms of Gene Expression VI. The lac Operon VII. The trp Operon Mutations of the DNA Sequence I. General Features II. Silent (Synonymous) Mutations III. Non-Silent (Nonsynonymous) Mutations IV. Loss of Function and Gain of Function Mutations V. Other Types of Polymorphisms Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, and Tumor-Suppressor Genes I. Definitions II. Designations III. Proto-Oncogenes and Oncogenes IV. Tumor Suppressor Genes V. Molecular Pathology of Colorectal Cancer The Cell Cycle I. Phases of the Cell Cycle II. Control of the Cell Cycle III. Stages of the M (Mitosis) Phase Molecular Biology of Cancer I. The Causes of Cancer II. The Six Superpowers of a Cancer Cell Homeotic Genes and Anterior/Posterior Body Pattern Formation I. Introduction II. Human Homeotic Genes The Human Mitochondrial Genome
