Introduction of aptamer and SELEX.- Aptamers as molecular probing or medical imaging agents.- Development of aptamer based pharmaceuticals.- Aptamers for drug delivery or controlled release.- Aptamers for point-of-care testing schemes.- Aptamer based medical devices.- Aptamers for personalized therapeutics.- Aptamer for targeted therapy.- Aptamers for the diagnosis of malign tumors.- Aptamers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.- Aptamers for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.- Aptamers for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.- Aptamers for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease.- Aptamer focused research frontiers of medical significance (exosomes, native-MS, artificial genetic alphabet, computational prediction, stem-cell, aptamer crystallology, aptamer microarrays etc.).- Perspectives of aptamers for medical applications.