Fundamentals of Chemical Reactor Engineering

Preface Forewords About the Authors and Acknowledgements List of Symbols Chapter 1: Rate Concept and Species Conservation Equations in Reactors 1.1 Reaction Rates of Species in Chemical Conversions 1.2 Rate of a Chemical Change 1.3 Chemical Reactors and Conservation of Species 1.4 Flow Reactors and the Reaction Rate Relations 1.5 Comparison of Perfectly Mixed Flow and Batch Reactors 1.6 Ideal Tubular Flow Reactor 1.7 Stoichiometric Relations Between Reacting Species Problems and Questions References Chapter 2: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium 2.1 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 2.2 Different Forms of Equilibrium Constant 2.3 Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constant and Equilibrium Calculations Problems and Questions References Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics and Analysis of Batch Reactors 3.1 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Homogeneous Reactions 3.2 Batch Reactor Data Analysis 3.2.1 Integral Method of Data Analysis 3.2.2 Differential Method of Data Analysis 3.3 Changes in Total Pressure or Volume in Gas Phase Reactions Problems and Questions Chapter 4: Ideal Flow Reactors: CSTR and Plug Flow Reactor Models 4.1 CSTR Model 4.2 Analysis of Ideal Plug Flow Reactor 4.3 Comparison of Performances of CSTR and Ideal Plug Flow Reactors 4.4 Equilibrium and Rate Limitations in Ideal Flow Reactors 4.5 Unsteady Operation of Reactors 4.5.1 Unsteady Operation of a Constant Volume Stirred Tank Reactor 4.5.2 Semi-Batch Reactors 4.6 Analysis of a CSTR with a Complex Rate Expression Problems and Questions References Chapter 5: Multiple Reactor Systems 5.1 Multiple CSTRs Operating in Series 5.2 Multiple Plug Flow Reactors Operating in Series 5.3 CSTR and Plug Flow Reactor Combinations Problems and Questions Chapter 6: Multiple Reaction Systems 6.1 Selectivity and Yield Definitions 6.2 Selectivity Relations for Ideal Flow Reactors 6.3Design of Ideal Reactors and Product Distributions for Multiple Reaction Systems Problems and Questions References Chapter 7: Heat Effects and Non-Isothermal Reactor Design 7.1 Heat Effects in a Stirred Tank Reactor 7.2 Steady-State Multiplicity in a CSTR 7.3. One Dimensional Energy Balance for a Tubular Reactor 7.4Heat Effects in Multiple Reaction Systems 7.5 Heat Effects in Multiple Reactors and Reversible Reactions 7.5.1 Temperature Selection and Multiple Reactor Combinations 7.5.2 Cold Injection Between Reactors Problems and Questions Case Studies References Chapter 8: Deviations from Ideal Reactor Performance 8.1 Residence Time Distributions in Flow Reactors 8.2 General Species Conservation Equation in a Reactor 8.3 Laminar Flow Reactor Model 8.4 Dispersion Model for a Tubular Reactor 8.5 Prediction of Axial Dispersion Coefficient 8.6 Evaluation of Dispersion Coefficient by Moment Analysis 8.7Radial Temperature Variations in Tubular Reactors 8.8 A Criterion for the Negligible Effect of Radial Temperature Variations on the Reaction Rate 8.9 Effect of Ratio on the Performance of a Tubular Reactor and Pressure Drop Problems and Questions Exercises References Chapter 9: Fixed Bed Reactors and Interphase Transport Effects 9.1 Solid Catalyzed Reactions and Transport Effects within Reactors 9.2 Observed Reaction Rate and Fixed Bed Reactors 9.3 Significance of Film Mass Transfer Resistance in Catalytic Reactions 9.4 Tubular Reactors with Catalytic Walls 9.5 Modeling of a Nonisothermal Fixed Bed Reactor 9.6 Steady-State Multiplicity on the Surface of a Catalyst Pellet Exercises References Chapter 10: Transport Effects and Effectiveness Factor for Reactions in Porous Catalysts 10.1 Effectiveness Factor Expressions in an Isothermal Catalyst Pellet 10.2 Observed Activation Energy and Observed Reaction Order 10.3 Effectiveness Factor in the Presence of Pore Diffusion and Film Mass Transfer Resistances 10.4 Thermal Effects in Porous Catalyst Pellets 10.5 Interphase and Intrapellet Temperature Gradients for Catalyst Pellets 10.6 Pore Structure Optimization and Effectiveness Factor Analysis for Catalysts with Bi-Modal Pore-Size Distributions 10.7 Criteria for Negligible Transport Effects in Catalytic Reactions 10.7.1 Criteria for Negligible Diffusion and Heat Effects on the Observed Rate of Solid Catalyzed Reactions 10.7.2 Relative Importance of Concentration and Temperature Gradients in Catalyst Pellets 10.7.3 Intrapellet and External Film Trasport Limitations 10.7.4 A Criterion for Negligible Diffusion Resistance in Bidisperse Catalyst Pellets 10.8 Transport Effects on Product Selectivities in Catalytic Reactions Exercises References Chapter 11: Introduction to Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms 11.1 Basic Concepts in Heterogeneous Catalysis 11.2 Surface Reaction Mechanisms 11.3 Adsorption Isotherms 11.4 Deactivation of Solid Catalysts 11.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Solid Catalysts 11.5.1 Characterization Techniques Exercises References Chapter 12: Diffusion in Porous Catalysts 12.1 Diffusion in a Capillary 12.2 Effective Diffusivities in Porous Solids 12.3 Surface Diffusion 12.4 Models for the Prediction of Effective Diffusivities 12.5 Diffusion and Flow in Porous Solids 12.6 Experimental Methods for the Evaluation of Effective Diffusion Coefficients Exercises References Chapter 13: Process Intensification and Multifunctional Reactors 13.1 Membrane Reactors 13.2 Reactive Distillation 13.2.1 Equilibrium Stage Model 13.2.2 A Rate-Based Model for a Continuous Reactive Distillation Column 13.3 Sorption Enhanced Reaction Process 13.4 Monolithic and Microchannel Reactors 13.5 Chromatographic Reactors 13.6 Alternative Energy Sources for Chemical Processing References Chapter 14: Multiphase Reactors 14.1 Slurry Reactors 14.2 Trickle Bed Reactors 14.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors References Chapter 15: Kinetics and Modeling of Non-Catalytic Gas-Solid Reactions. 15.1 Unreacted Core Model 15.2 Deactivation and Structural Models for Gas-Solid Reactions 15.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactors Exercises References Appendix A: Some Constants of Nature Appendix B: Conversion Factors Appendix C: Dimensionless Groups and Parameters