Aphids on deciduous trees

Introduction;

Aphids: Distribution; Evolution; Size; Food; Symbionts; Host specificity; Reproduction; Life cycle; Dispersal;

Trees as habitat: Seasonality; Trees' commitment to defence;

Natural enemies: Natural enemies of aphids; Structure of aphidophagous mechanisms;

Abundance: Role of natural enemies; Role of host abundance; Role of intraspecific competition;

Sex: Mechanism; Sex ratio;

Distribution and global warming: Regional distribution; Global warming and distribution; Global warming and aphid abundance;

Identification: Introduction to the keys; Terms; Preparing aphids for identification; The keys; Descriptions of genera and species;

Techniques and approaches to original work: Collecting and observing aphids in the field; Rearing aphids in the laboratory; Experiments;

Useful addresses; References and further reading.