Preface xv
About the Author xvii
Introduction xix
CHAPTER 1
The Basis of the Estimate 1
Role of the Drawings in Estimating 1
Design Development 2
Organization of the Working Drawings 3
Title Block 5
Graphic Formats Used in Drawings 6
Drawing Conventions 9
Scope of Work 17
Summary 18
Questions/Problems 19
CHAPTER 2
Understanding the Specifications 21
Role of the Specifications 21
Organizing Specifications by CSI MASTERFORMAT (R) 22
The Project Manual 26
Conflicts Between Drawings and Specifications 36
Modifications to the Contract Documents 37
Summary 40
Questions/Problems 41
CHAPTER 3
Calculating Linear Measure, Area, and Volume 43
Units of Measure 43
Decimal Equivalents 43
Linear Measurement 44
Angles 45
Area and Square Measure 46
Volume and Cubic Measure 49
Summary 51
Questions/Problems 52
CHAPTER 4
The Quantity Takeoff and Pricing Phases 55
Studying the Documents 55
The Takeoff Phase 57
Rules for Accurate Takeoffs 58
Accounting for Waste 65
Other Factors That Impact Quantities 67
The Pricing Phase 67
Unit Price Estimate 72
Applying Prices to the Quantities 76
Submitting a Bid 78
Summary 79
Questions/Problems 80
CHAPTER 5
Understanding the Cost Elements of a Unit Price 81
Materials 81
Labor 82
Equipment and Operating Expenses 90
Indirect Overhead 91
Profit 91
Summary 92
Questions/Problems 92
CHAPTER 6
Division 1-General
Requirements 95
Classifying Direct Overhead Costs 96
Identifying and Quantifying General Requirements Cost Items 100
Pricing General Requirements Items 101
Project Closeout 102
Indirect Overhead 103
Summary 104
Questions/Problems 105
CHAPTER 7
Existing Conditions 107
Assessment 107
Subsurface Investigation 108
Demolition and Structure Moving 109
Remediation 114
Existing Conditions Drawings 121
Summary 122
Questions/Problems 122
CHAPTER 8
Concrete 123
Concrete Materials 124
Ready-Mixed
Concrete 125
Formwork 125
Flatwork 135
Expansion Joints 138
Control Joints 139
Curing and Sealing 140
Reinforcement 141
Precast Concrete 145
Cementitious Decks 146
Gypsum Cement Underlayment 146
Embedded Items 147
Vapor Barriers and Rigid Insulation 148
Concrete Cutting and Boring 150
Summary 151
Questions/Problems 152
CHAPTER 9
Masonry 153
Mortar 154
Brick 156
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) 164
Stone 170
Masonry Reinforcement 172
Grout 175
Masonry Anchors and Ties 177
Masonry Restoration 178
Masonry Cleaning 180
Masonry Insulation 181
Flashings 182
Cutting Masonry Units 183
Items Furnished by Other Trades 185
Control Joints 185
Incidentals for Fireplace and Chimney Construction 186
Freight of Masonry Units 188
Staging and Scaffolding for Masonry Work 188
Cleanup 190
Masonry Sealing 190
Summary 190
Questions/Problems 191
CHAPTER 10
Metals 193
Structural Steel 193
Open-Web Steel Joists 197
Metal Decking 201
Light-Gauge
Metal Framing 203
Studs and Track 205
Miscellaneous and Ornamental Metals 206
Miscellaneous Costs 213
Summary 216
Questions/Problems 217
CHAPTER 11
Wood, Plastics, and Composites 219
Rough Carpentry and Framing 220
Finish Carpentry 245
Architectural Millwork 246
Structural Plastics and Plastic Fabrications 248
Casework and Cabinetry 249
Shop-Fabricated
Structural Wood 252
Other Framing Systems 253
Summary 254
Questions/Problems 255
CHAPTER 12
Thermal and Moisture Protection 257
Waterproofing 258
Dampproofing 260
Thermal Insulation 261
Vapor Barriers 266
Air Infiltration Barriers 267
Exterior Siding 268
Roofing 271
Fire-Stop
Systems and Sprayed-Applied
Fireproofing 294
Expansion Control 296
Summary 297
Questions/Problems 298
CHAPTER 13
Openings 299
Architectural Drawings 299
Hollow Metal Frames and Doors 304
Wood Doors and Frames 307
Sliding and Swinging Glass Doors 309
Special Doors 312
General Notes on Estimating Doors 314
Overhead and Coiling Doors 316
Entrances and Storefronts 317
Wood and Plastic Windows 320
Metal Windows 322
General Notes on Windows 324
Roof Windows and Skylights 324
Finish Hardware 326
Glass and Glazing 328
Louvers and Vents 330
Summary 331
Questions/Problems 332
CHAPTER 14
Finishes 333
Plaster Systems 334
Gypsum Wallboard Systems 336
Gypsum Sheathing and Underlayments 338
Metal Stud Framing and Furring 338
Tile 342
Waterproof Membrane for Tile 348
Acoustical Ceiling Systems 351
Flooring 354
Acoustical Treatment 364
Painting 365
High-Performance
Coatings 368
Wallcoverings 371
Green or Sustainable Products 375
Summary 375
Questions/Problems 376
CHAPTER 15
Specialties 379
Interior Specialties 379
Exterior Specialties 380
Taking-Off
and Pricing 381
Summary 382
Questions/Problems 383
CHAPTER 16
Equipment, Furnishings, Special Construction,
and Conveying Equipment 385
Division 11-Equipment 385
Division 12-Furnishings 391
Division 13-Special
Construction 396
Division 14-Conveying Equipment 402
Summary 407
Questions/Problems 407
CHAPTER 17
Fire Suppression 409
Fire Suppression Systems 410
Other Fire Suppression Components 415
Summary 418
Questions/Problems 419
CHAPTER 18
Plumbing 421
Plumbing Systems 422
Parametric Estimating 440
Summary 441
Questions/Problems 442
CHAPTER 19
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) 443
HVAC Systems 444
Summary 462
Questions/Problems 462
CHAPTER 20
Integrated Automation 465
Integrated Automation Systems 466
Summary 468
Questions/Problems 468
CHAPTER 21
Electrical 469
Electrical Labor 471
Raceways 472
Conductors and Grounding 474
Wiring Devices and Boxes 475
Starters, Boards, Switches and Transformers 478
Load Centers 481
Lighting 483
Emergency Lighting and Devices 484
Equipment Hookups 487
Electrical Site Work 488
Generator Set 491
Automatic and Manual Transfer Switches 492
Miscellaneous Electrical Work 493
Summary 495
Questions/Problems 495
CHAPTER 22
Communications, Electronic Safety, and Security 497
Communications and Electronic Safety and Security 497
Summary 506
Questions/Problems 506
CHAPTER 23
Earthwork 507
Civil Drawings 507
Site Clearing/Site Preparation 510
Excavation and Backfill 512
Erosion and Sedimentation Control 525
Shoring, Underpinning, and Trench Boxes 526
Special Foundations and Load-Bearing
Elements 528
Miscellaneous Considerations 530
Summary 530
Questions/Problems 531
CHAPTER 24
Exterior Improvements 533
Civil Drawings 533
Bases for Paving 535
Flexible Paving 536
Rigid Paving 540
Curbs and Walkways 542
Paving/Parking Specialties 547
Site Improvements 548
Landscaping 554
Labor for Exterior Improvements 556
Miscellaneous Considerations 556
Summary 556
Questions/Problems 557
CHAPTER 25
Utilities 559
Civil Drawings 559
Water Utilities 562
Water Supply Wells 563
Sanitary Sewerage Utilities 565
Storm Drainage Utilities 570
Electrical/Communications Utilities 576
Miscellaneous Considerations 580
Summary 581
Questions/Problems 581
CHAPTER 26
Profit and Contingencies 583
Profit 583
Contingencies 591
Summary 593
Questions/Problems 593
CHAPTER 27
Estimating by Computer 595
Estimating Software 596
Quantity Takeoff Software 605
Project Overhead Summary Sheets 610
Summary 610
Questions/Problems 611
CHAPTER 28
Conceptual Estimating 613
Conceptual Estimating 614
Summary 618
Questions/Problems 618
Solutions to Questions And Problems 619
Index 655
