Air Dispersion Modeling

Preface xv
List of Symbols xix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Types of Air Dispersion Models 4
1.3 Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure 6
1.4 Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 7
1.5 Units 9
1.6 Constants and Approximately Constant Variables 11
1.7 Frequently Used Greek Symbols 12
Problems 12
References 12
Chapter 2 An Air Dispersion Modeling Primer 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Basic Concepts of Air Dispersion 15
2.3 Gaussian Dispersion Model 17
2.4 Plume Rise 30
2.5 Need for Refinements to the Basic Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model 34
Problems 34
Materials Online 36
References 36
Chapter 3 Air Pollutants: An Overview 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Types of Air Pollution 37
Problems 51
References 52
Chapter 4 Regulation of Air Quality and Air Quality Modeling 54
4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 Air Quality Regulation 54
4.3 Air Dispersion Modeling Guidelines 59
References 59
Chapter 5 Meteorology for Air Dispersion Modelers 60
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Structure of the Atmosphere 61
5.3 Altitude Dependence of Barometric Pressure 62
5.4 Height Dependence of Temperature--Adiabatic Case 65
5.5 Stability 70
5.6 Heat Balance 76
5.7 Wind Speed Profile 81
5.8 Temperature Profile Revisited: Nonneutral Conditions 93
5.9 Heat Balance Revisited: Stable Conditions 97
5.10 Mixing Layer Height 99
5.11 Concept of Turbulence 103
5.12 Special Topics in Meteorology 119
5.13 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 122
5.14 Summary of Main Equations 134
Problems 137
Materials Online 138
References 139
Chapter 6 Gaussian Dispersion Modeling: An In-Depth Study 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Gaussian Plume Models 142
6.3 Parameterizations Based on Stability Classes 145
6.4 Gaussian Plume Dispersion Short Cut 148
6.5 Plume Dispersion Modifiers 150
6.6 Continuous Parameterization for Gaussian Dispersion Models 153
6.7 Gaussian Plume Models for Nonpoint Sources 172
6.8 Virtual Source Concept 174
6.9 Special Issues 175
6.10 Gaussian Puff Modeling 180
6.11 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 187
6.12 Summary of the Main Equations 193
Problems 195
Materials Online 197
References 197
Chapter 7 Plume-Atmosphere Interactions 201
7.1 Introduction 201
7.2 Plume Rise 201
7.3 Plume Downwash: PRIME (Plume RIse Model Enhancements) 215
7.4 Behavior of Denser-than-Air Plumes 225
7.5 Deposition 234
7.6 Summary of the Main Equations 288
Problems 291
Materials Online 292
References 292
Chapter 8 Gaussian Model Approaches in Urban or Industrial Terrain 296
8.1 Introduction 296
8.2 Wind Flow around Obstacles 297
8.3 Surface Roughness and Displacement Height in Urban and Industrial Terrain 298
8.4 Wind Speed Profiles near the Surface: Deviations from Similarity Theory 303
8.5 Turbulence in Urban Terrain 314
8.6 Dispersion Calculations in Urban Terrain near the Surface 317
8.7 An Example 320
8.8 Summary of the Main Equations 324
Problems 326
Materials Online 327
References 327
Chapter 9 Stochastic Modeling Approaches 329
9.1 Introduction 329
9.2 Fundamentals of Stochastic Air Dispersion Modeling 330
9.3 Numerical Aspects of Stochastic Modeling 348
9.4 Stochastic Lagrangian Calculation Examples 353
9.5 Summary of the Main Equations 358
Problems 359
Materials Online 360
References 360
Chapter 10 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Meteorological Modeling 363
10.1 Introduction 363
10.2 CFD Model Formulation: Fundamentals 364
10.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Techniques 375
10.4 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 394
10.5 Numerical Methods in CFD 397
10.6 Meteorological Modeling 399
10.7 Summary of the Main Equations 400
References 402
Chapter 11 Eulerian Model Approaches 404
11.1 Introduction 404
11.2 Governing Equations of Eulerian Dispersion Models 405
11.3 Closing the Material Balance for Turbulent Motion 412
11.4 Atmospheric Chemistry 422
11.5 Numerical Aspects of Eulerian Dispersion Modeling 455
11.6 Summary of the Main Equations 467
Problems 469
References 470
Chapter 12 Practical Aspects of Air Dispersion Modeling 474
12.1 Introduction 474
12.2 Source Characterization and Source Modeling 474
12.3 Coordinate Systems 476
12.4 Data Handling 478
12.5 Model Validation 478
References 479
Chapter 13 ISC3 and SCREEN3: A Detailed Description 480
13.1 Introduction 480
13.2 ISC3 Model Description 480
13.3 SCREEN3 Model Description 489
References 490
Chapter 14 AERMOD and AERMET: A Detailed Description 491
14.1 Introduction 491
14.2 Description of AERMET 492
14.3 Description of AERMOD 496
References 512
Chapter 15 CALPUFF and CALMET: A Detailed Description 514
15.1 Introduction 514
15.2 Description of CALMET 515
15.3 Description of CALPUFF 526
References 541
Chapter 16 CMAQ: A Brief Description 542
16.1 Introduction 542
16.2 Main Features of CMAQ 542
16.3 Advection and Diffusion Modeling in CMAQ 544
16.4 Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling in CMAQ 545
References 554
Appendix A Auxiliary Calculations and Derivations 556
Appendix B Auxiliary Da ta and Methods 596
Appendix C Theory of Near Surface Turbulence Applied to Wind Speed Profiles, Dry Deposition, Air-Water Exchange, and Canopy Effects 607
Index 629