The elucidation of the cellular and molecular bases underlying the inte- grated function of the central nervous system, both in disease and in health, must ultimately come from the combined efforts of scientists from many disciplines, including biology, chemistry, histology, pathology, physiology, pharmacology, and psychology. Communication between scientists from these various disciplines-vital to the advancement of our understanding of the function of the nervous system-has become more and more difficult in recent years. Both increasing specialization and the incredible increases in publications pertinent to brain research in a wide spectrum of journals, in symposium volumes, in monographs, in abstracts, and in reviews contrib- ute to the problems of cross-communication and even of communication within a scientific discipline. Research on the significance of cyclic nucleo- tides to the function of nervous systems is particularly illustrative of the communication problem.
Since the initial publications by Sutherland, Rall, and Butcher in the late fifties and early sixties on high levels of adenylate cyclase, phosphodiesterases, and cyclic AMP in brain, the ensuing litera- ture of this field has expanded exponentially. At the present time, from five to ten publications relevant to cyclic nucleotides and the nervous system appear each week. Indeed, these are minimal numbers based mainly on examination of literature titles and key index words. Many articles concerned with some aspect of central function contain, buried within their text, experiments with or related to cyclic nucleotides.
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Springer Science+Business Media
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978-0-306-30971-7 (9780306309717)
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Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Introduction.- 2 Enzymatic Formation, Degradation, and Action of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 2.1 Adenylate Cyclases.- 2.1.1 Regional Distribution of Adenylate Cyclase in Brain.- 2.1.2 Regional Distribution of Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 2.1.3 Postdecapitation Changes in Brain Cyclic AMP.- 2.1.4 Morphological Localization of Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 2.1.5 Subcellular Distribution of Adenylate Cyclases and Cyclic AMP.- 2.1.6 Activation and Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclases.- 2.1.7 Activation by Putative Neurotransmitters.- 2.1.8 Developmental Changes in Adenylate Cyclases and Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 2.1.9 Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 2.1.10 Cultured Cells.- 2.2 Guanylate Cyclases.- 2.2.1 Regional Distribution of Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic GMP in Brain.- 2.2.2 Subcellular and Morphological Distribution of Guanylate Cyclase in Brain.- 2.2.3 Activation and Inhibition.- 2.2.4 Developmental Changes in Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic GMP in Brain.- 2.2.5 Ganglia.- 2.3 Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.1 Regional Distribution in Brain.- 2.3.2 Morphological Localization in Brain.- 2.3.3 Subcellular Distribution in Brain.- 2.3.4 Multiplicity of Brain Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.5 Activation.- 2.3.6 Inhibitors.- 2.3.7 Analogs of Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP.- 2.3.8 Developmental Changes in Brain Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.9 Strain Differences in Brain Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.10 Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 2.3.11 Cultured Cells.- 2.4 Protein Kinases.- 2.4.1 Cyclic AMP-Dependent Kinases.- 2.4.2 Cyclic GMP-Dependent Kinases.- 2.5 Phosphoprotein Phosphatases.- 2.5.1 Regional and Subcellular Distribution in Brain.- 2.5.2 Activation, Inhibition, and Substrates.- 2.5.3 Dephosphorylation of Membranal Phosphoproteins.- 3 Accumulation of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 3.1 Cyclic AMP in Brain Slices.- 3.1.1 Rabbit.- 3.1.2 Guinea Pig.- 3.1.3 Rat.- 3.1.4 Mouse.- 3.1.5 Primates.- 3.1.6 Pig.- 3.1.7 Cat.- 3.1.8 Chicken.- 3.1.9 Amphibians.- 3.1.10 Conversion of Adenine and Adenosine-Labeled Nucleotides to Cyclic AMP.- 3.1.11 Release and Uptake of Cyclic AMP.- 3.1.12 Effects of Drug and Other Treatments of Animals on the Cyclic AMP-Generating Systems in Brain.- 3.2 Cyclic GMP in Brain Slices.- 3.2.1 Rabbit.- 3.2.2 Guinea Pig.- 3.2.3 Rat.- 3.2.4 Mouse.- 3.2.5 Cat.- 3.3 Cyclic AMP in Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 3.3.1 Vertebrates.- 3.3.2 Invertebrates.- 3.4 Cyclic GMP in Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 3.4.1 Vertebrates.- 3.4.2 Invertebrates.- 3.5 Cyclic Nucleotides in Cells of Neuronal or Glial Origin.- 3.5.1 Fetal Brain Cells.- 3.5.2 Neuroma Cells.- 4 Functional Role of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 4.1 Enzymatic Processes.- 4.1.1 Intermediary Metabolism.- 4.1.2 Membrane Metabolism.- 4.1.3 Neurotransmitter Metabolism.- 4.1.4 Cyclases, Phosphodiesterases, and Kinases.- 4.1.5 Protein Phosphorylation.- 4.1.6 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis.- 4.2 Cell Morphology, Differentiation, and Growth.- 4.2.1 Neuroblastoma Cells.- 4.2.2 Glioma Cells.- 4.2.3 Hybrid Cells.- 4.2.4 Fetal Cells.- 4.2.5 Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 4.2.6 Role of Microtubules.- 4.2.7 Trophic Factors.- 4.3 Membrane Phenomena.- 4.3.1 Central Neurons.- 4.3.2 Ganglionic Neurons.- 4.3.3 Peripheral Neurons.- 4.3.4 Cultured Cells.- 4.4 Levels of Cyclic Nucleotides in Brain.- 4.4.1 Postdecapitation Changes in Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 4.4.2 Effects of Drugs and Other Treatments on Levels of Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 4.4.3 Effects of Drugs and Other Treatments on Levels of Cyclic GMP in Brain.- 4.4.4 Behavioral Correlations.- 4.4.5 Clinical Correlations.- 4.5 Central Behavioral and Vegetative Functions.- 4.5.1 Behavioral Effects.- 4.5.2 Vegetative Effects.- 4.5.3 Centrally Active Drugs.- Conclusion.- References.
