Contributors xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Part I Principles of Veterinary Psychopharmacology 1
1 General Principles of Psychopharmacology 3
Thomas F. Murray
Drug Action 3
Dose Dependence of Drug Interaction with Receptors 4
Structural Features of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Neurotransmission 5
Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters and Affective Disorders 8
2 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Glutamate, GABA, and the Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines 11
Thomas F. Murray
Introduction 11
Glutamatergic Synapses 11
Pharmacology of Ketamine and Tiletamine 14
GABAergic Synapses 15
3 Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters: Serotonin 21
Thomas F. Murray
Introduction 21
The Biogenic Amines 21
Serotonin 22
4 Biogenic Amine Transmitters: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine 29
Thomas F. Murray
Acetylcholine 29
Norepinephrine 32
Dopamine 37
5 Neuropeptides: Opioids and Oxytocin 43
Thomas F. Murray
Introduction 43
Endogenous Opioid Peptides 43
Oxytocin 47
Part II Practice of Veterinary Psychopharmacology 51
6 Introduction to Clinical Psychopharmacology for Veterinary Medicine 53
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas
Introduction 53
Prescribing in the United States: The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA 1994) 54
Cost 55
Drug Selection 56
Medicating the Patient 57
Competition Animals 58
Taking the Behavioral History 58
The Behavioral Exam 63
Duration of Treatment 63
Limitations 64
7 Benzodiazepines 67
Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Action 67
Overview of Indications 67
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 69
Overdose 69
Clinical Guidelines 69
Specific Medications 71
I. Alprazolam 71
II. Chlordiazepoxide HC1 73
IV. Clorazepate Dipotassium 78
V. Diazepam 80
VI. Flurazepam Hydrochloride 86
VII. Lorazepam 87
VIII. Oxazepam 89
IX. Triazolam 91
8 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 103
Niwako Ogata, Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas, and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Action 103
Overview of Indications 103
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 104
Adverse Drug Interactions 104
Overdose 105
Clinical Guidelines 105
Specific Medications 106
I. Citalopram Hydrobromide 106
II. Fluoxetine Hydrochloride 108
III. Fluvoxamine 115
IV. Paroxetine Hydrochloride 117
V. Sertraline Hydrochloride 119
VI. Escitalopram Oxalate 122
9 Miscellaneous Serotonergic Agents 129
Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Introduction 129
Azapirones 129
Action 129
Overview of Indications 129
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 129
Adverse Drug Interactions 129
Overdose 129
Clinical Guidelines 129
Specific Medications 130
I. Buspirone 130
I. Trazodone Hydrochloride 135
10 Anticonvulsants and Mood Stabilizers 147
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis, Mami Irimajiri, and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas
Action 147
Overview of Indications 148
Clinical Guidelines 148
Specific Medications 148
I. Carbamazepine 148
II. Gabapentin 149
III. Pregabalin 152
11 Sympatholytic Agents 157
Niwako Ogata and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas
Action 157
Overview of Indications 157
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 158
Overdose 159
Clinical Guidelines 159
Specific Medications 160
I. Clonidine 160
II. Detomidine 161
III. Dexmedetomidine 163
IV. Propranolol 165
12 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists 171
Niwako Ogata and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas
Action 171
Overview of Indications 172
Contraindications/ Side Effects, and Adverse Events 172
Clinical Guidelines 173
Specific Medications 173
I. Dextromethorphan 173
II. Amantadine 175
III. Memantine 176
IV. Huperzine A 179
13 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 185
Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Action 185
Overview of Indications 186
Specific Medications 186
I. Selegiline Hydrochloride 186
14 Antipsychotics 201
Lynne Seibert and Sharon Crowell-Davis
Introduction 201
Action 201
Overview of Indications 202
General Pharmacokinetics 203
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 203
Overdose 203
Clinical Guidelines 204
Specific Medications 204
I. Acepromazine Maleate 204
II. Azaperone 206
III. Chlorpromazine 206
IV. Clozapine 207
V. Fluphenazine 208
VI. Haloperidol 209
VII. Pimozide 210
VIII. Promazine 211
IX. Sulpiride 211
X. Thioridazine 212
15 CNS Stimulants 217
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Action 217
Overview of Indications 217
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 217
Adverse Drug Interactions 217
Overdose 217
Clinical Guidelines 218
Specific Medications 219
I. Amphetamine 219
II. Atomoxetine HCl 221
III. Methylphenidate Hydrochloride 223
16 Tricyclic Antidepressants 231
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Action 231
Overview of Indications 231
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 232
Adverse Drug Interactions 232
Overdose 232
Discontinuation 233
Clinical Guidelines 233
Specific Medications 233
I. Amitriptyline 233
II. Clomipramine Hydrochloride 236
III. Desipramine 243
IV. Doxepin 244
V. Imipramine 246
VI. Nortriptyline 248
17 Opioids and Opioid Antagonists 257
Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Action 257
Overview of Indications 257
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 258
Clinical Guidelines 258
Specific Medications 258
I. Nalmefene 258
II. Naloxone HCl 260
III. Naltrexone Hydrochloride 261
IV. Pentazocine 264
18 Hormones 269
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis
Introduction 269
Oxytocin 270
Clinical Pharmacology 270
Indications 270
Side Effects 270
Doses in Nonhuman Animals 270
Effects Documented in Nonhuman Animals 270
Progestins 270
Action 270
Overview of Indications 271
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 271
Overdose 271
Clinical Guidelines 272
Specific Medications 272
I. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) 272
II. Megestrol Acetate 273
19 Combinations 281
Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas, Sharon L. Crowell-Davis, and Niwako Ogata
Introduction 281
Overview of Drug Augmentation 281
Potentially Beneficial Combinations 282
Adverse Interactions and Contraindications 283
Changing and Weaning Patients off Medications 285
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 285
Interactions That Can Affect Dosing 285
Algorithms: Possible Future Direction 286
Conclusion 288
Index 291
