Aquaculture Manual

I. Conversions and Equivalents.- 1-1: Temperature Equivalents - Centigrade to Farenheit.- 1-2: Temperature Equivalents - Farenheit to Centigrade.- 1-3: Conversions for Units of Weight.- 1-4: Conversions for Units of Length.- 1-5: Conversions for Units of Volume.- 1-6: Conversions for Units of Velocity.- 1-7: Conversions for Units of Energy.- 1-8: Conversions for Units of Power.- 1-9: Conversion Factors of Radiant Energy, Power, and Intensity Units.- 1-10: Conversion Factors for Illumination.- 1-11: Conversions for Pressure Equivalents.- 1-12: Converting Water Pressure to Feet Head.- 1-13: Converting Feet Head of Water to PSI.- 1-14: Decimal Equivalents Fractions.- 1-15: Multipliers for Conversion of Units.- 1-16: Treatment Conversion Chart.- 1-17: Geometric Formulas.- 1-18: Water Volumes and Capacities of Circular Tanks.- 1-19: Calculating the Volume of a Cone-Bottomed Tank.- II. Water Chemistry.- 2-1: Basic Information on Common Elements.- 2-2: Basic Information on Common Inorganic Chemicals Used in Water Treatment.- 2-3: Surface Water Criteria for Public Water Supplies.- 2-4: Common Radicals Encountered in Freshwater.- 2-5: Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) for Fresh Water in Equilibrium With Air at Altitude.- 2-6: Density of Freshwater at Different Temperatures.- 2-7: Corresponding Densities and Salinities.- 2-8: Differences to Convert Hydrometer Readings at Any Temperature to Density.- 2-9: Air Solubility of Oxygen (mg/1) in Seawater.- 2-10: Seawater Properties as a Function of Temperature and Salinity.- 2-11: Mole Fraction of Un-Ionized Ammonia: 0-5 g/kg Salinity.- 2-12: Mole Fraction of Un-Ionized Ammonia: 5-40 g/kg Salinity.- 2-13: Solubility of Nitrogen in Water at Different Temperatures and Salinities From Moist Air With Pressure.- 2-14: Vapor Pressure of Pure Water at Different Temperatures.- 2-15: Percentage Un-Ionized Hydrogen Sulfide in Aqueous Solution at Different pH Values and Temperatures.- 2-16: Factors for Converting Total Alkalinity to Milligrams of Available Carbon per Liter.- 2-17: Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Different Temperatures and Salinities from Moist Air With Pressure of 760 mm Hg.- 2-18: Elemental Composition of Seawater.- III. Enrichment Formulations.- 3-1: Salt Concentrations for the Modified Segedi-Kelley Medium Formula.- 3-2: Ott's Artificial Seawater.- 3-3: Instant Ocean (TM) Artificial Seawater Mixture.- 3-4: Salt Concentrations for the GP Medium Formula.- 3-5: Gates and Wilson's NH Artificial Seawater Medium.- 3-6: Bolds Basal Medium.- 3-7: BBM Trace Metal Stock Solution.- 3-8: Chu 10 Freshwater Medium pH 6.5-7.0.- 3-9: Modified Chu No. 10 Solution.- 3-10: Modified Chu No. 10 Trace Element Solution.- 3-11: Hughes, Gorham, and Zehnder's Medium.- 3-12: Gaffron's Trace-Element Solution.- 3-13: Allen's Modification of Hughes, Gorham, and Zehnder's Medium.- 3-14: Allen's Trace-Element Solution.- 3-15: Rodhe VIII pH 7.0-7.5 Freshwater Medium.- 3-16: Waris pH 6.0 Freshwater Medium.- 3-17: Bozniak Community pH 8.0 Freshwater Medium.- 3-18: CG 10 pH 8.0 Freshwater Medium.- 3-19: Beijerinck pH 6.8 Freshwater Medium.- 3-20: Woods Hole MBL pH 7.2 Freshwater Medium.- 3-21: Volvox pH 7.0 Freshwater Medium.- 3-22: Concentrations of Additives in Defined Freshwater Media.- 3-23: Provasoli's Enriched Seawater.- 3-24: "F" Enriched Seater Media.- 3-25: Modified "F" Medium.- 3-26: Formula of Walne Medium for Algae Culture.- 3-27: Erdschreiber Medium.- 3-28: Enriched Seawater Media.- 3-29: Effects of Materials on Algal Cultures.- 3-30: Specific Growth Rates of Algae Cultured at Low and High Temperatures (Marine and Freshwater Strains).- 3-31: Representative Light Saturation Values for Macroalgae.- 3-32: General Lighting Specification for Marine Macroalgae Using Cool White Flourescent Lamps.- 3-33: Technical Data on Light Bulbs.- 3-34: Comparative Characteristics of the Physiological Effectiveness of Various Incandescent Lamps.- 3-35: Comparative Characteristics of the Physiological Effectiveness of Fluorescent and Mercury Lamps.- 3-36: Using a Hemacytometer to Determine Phytoplankton Density.- IV. Hatchery Systems and Methods.- 4-1: Preliminary Water Quality Screen and Production Levels for Marine Applications.- 4-2: Suggested Chemical Values for Hatchery Water Supplies (fresh).- 4-3: Threshold of Toxicity and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Toxic Substances in the Water Supply of Indoor Fish Hatcheries.- 4-4: Filtration Equipment for Use With Seawater Systems.- 4-5: Sieve Separations of 16 Graded Test Sands.- 4-6: Disinfectants and Their Application.- 4-7: Ultraviolet Energy of 2537 A Wave-Length to Inhibit Colony Formation in 90 and 100% of Test Organisms.- 4-8: Ultraviolet Energy for 100% Kill.- 4-9: Sizes and MLD of UV Radiation for Some Microorganisms Free-Living or Parasitic in Aquarium or Hatchery Water.- 4-10: Biological Activity of Antiobiotics Commonly Used in Aquaculture.- 4-11: Stability and Activity of Antibiotics Commonly Used in Aquaculture.- 4-12: Temperature Optima for Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.- 4-13: The pH Ranges Giving the Best Nitrification Rates for Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.- 4-14: Growth Requirements and Toxicity of Various Compounds to Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas.- 4-15: Effects of Commonly Used Antibacterial Agents and Parasiticides on Nitrification in Freshwater Aquariums at Therapeutic Levels.- 4-16: Sea Salt Quantities Needed to Adjust Freshwater to the Desired Salinity Level in a Recirculating System.- 4-17: Sea Water and Pump Requirements for Different Penaeid Hatchery Capacities.- 4-18: Compressed Air Requirements for Different Penaeid Hatchery Capacities.- 4-19: Area Requirements of a Penaeid Hatchery Installation for Different Capacities.- 4-20: Methods for Decapsulating Artemia Cysts.- 4-21: Size and Individual Dry Weight of Artemia Nauplii Hatched in Standard Conditons From Different Cyst Sources.- 4-22: Improved Hatching Quality of Artemia Cysts as a Result of Decapsulation.- 4-23: Data on Hatching Efficiency, Hatching Percentage, Hatching Rate, Hatching Output, Individiual Dry Weight and Energy Content of Artemia Nauplii Hatched in Standard Conditions.- 4-24: Representative Biochemical and Nutritional Information for Newly Hatched Artemia salina Nauplii.- 4-25: Diet for Enrichment and Artemia Production.- 4-26: Percent Composition of the 6 Major Fatty Acids in Cultured Artemia.- 4-27: Milliliters of Water Displaced by 50 Eggs Converted to Number of Eggs per Fluid Ounce.- 4-28: Modified Von Bayer Table for the Estimation of the Numbers of Fish Eggs in a Liquid Quart.- 4-29: Pollution Load Measured as Biological Oxygen Demand.- 4-30: Some Oxygen Consumption Values for Farmed Fish.- 4-31: Typical Oxygen Transfer Rates of Various Devices Used in Fish Culture Systems.- 4-32: Aeration Effectiveness of Typical Gravity Aerators.- 4-33: Typical Standardized Aerator Efficiency and Equivalent Aeration Depths for Aerators Used in Aquaculture.- 4-34: Transport Conditions for Various Fish Species.- 4-35: Recommended Loading Rates for Transporting Fish Without Artificial Aeration.- 4-36: Typical Packing Densities and Shipping Durations for Various Shrimp Stages.- 4-37: Concentrations of Some Drugs Used to Tranquilize Fish for Transport.- V. Plumbing and Materials.- 5-1: PVC Pipe Specifications - Schedule 40.- 5-2: PVC Pipe Specifications - Schedule 80.- 5-3: Estimated Solvent Cement Requirements.- 5-4: Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps.- 5-5: Tap and Drill Sizes.- 5-6: Recommended Support Spacing in Feet for PVC Pipe.- 5-7: Symbols Used to Designate Standard Pipe Fittings.- 5-8: Loss Coefficients for Standard Pipe Fittings.- 5-9: Values of L/D Ratios for Selected Fittings.- 5-10: Frictional Losses in Plastic Schedule 80 Pipes.- 5-11: Frictional Losses for Air as a Function of Flow and Pipe Size.- 5-12: Discharge of Air Through an Orifice Under Pressure.- 5-13: Row Rate, Q for Airlift Pumps as a Function of Length and Diameter at 5-Submergence Values.- 5-14: Pump Selection: Shallow Wells, Low Pressure.- 5-15: Pump Selection: Shallow Wells, High Presssure.- 5-16: Pumps for Lifting Water From More Than 25 Feet Depth.- 5-17: The Physical Properties of Various Rigid Mesh Materials Used in Cage Fabrication.- 5-18: Specifications of 7-Strand Galvanized Steel Cable.- 5-19: Specifications of Open Link Proof Steel Chain.- 5-20: Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres.- 5-21: Comparative Properties of Three-Strand Fibre Ropes.- 5-22: Mass and Breaking Strength of Common Braided and Three Strand Laid Synthetic Fiber Ropes.- 5-23: Summary of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo, Compared with Timber, Concrete and Steel.- 5-24: Approximate Densities of Common Materials.- 5-25: Heat Transfer Coefficients (U) for Common Construction Materials.- 5-26: Fixing Coefficient, K, of Sandbag Anchors on Different Substrates and Varying Mooring Cable Length Water to Depth Ratio.- 5-27: The Fixing Coefficient, K, of Kedge-Type Anchors on Different Substrates and Varying Cable Length:Water Depth Ratios.- VI. Feeds and Nutrition.- 6-1: Recommended Amounts of Food to Feed Rainbow Trout for Different Sizes and Water Temperatures in Intensive Culture Systems.- 6-2: Feeding Chart for Tilapia Cultured in Semi-Intensive, and Polyculture Systems.- 6-3: Feeding Chart for Channel Catfish as Percentage of Body Weight per Day.- 6-4: Feeding Chart for Common Carp Cultured in Ponds During Summer.- 6-5: Published Feeding Tables for Marine Shrimp.- 6-6: Dietary Protein Requirement of Fish and Shrimp.- 6-7: Calculated Dietary Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Fish and Shrimp at Varying Dietary Protein Levels.- 6-8: Recommended Dietary Nutrient Levels for Omnivorous Fish Species.- 6-9: Recommended Dietary Nutrient Levels for Carnivorous Fish Species.- 6-10: Recommended Dietary Nutrient Levels for Omnivorous Shrimp Species.- 6-11: Recommended Dietary Nutrient Levels for Carnivorous Shrimp Species.- 6-12: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Oilseeds and Their By-Products.- 6-13: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of the Major Oilseeds and Their By-Products.- 6-14: Average Fatty Acid Composition of the Major Oilseed and Plant By-Product Oils.- 6-15: Average Proximate Composition of Grass, Green Fodder Crops, and Some Miscellaneous Plant Feedstuffs.- 6-16: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of the Major Grass and Green Fodder Crops and Some Selected Miscellaneous Plant Feedstuff.- 6-17: Average Proximate Composition of Selected Invertebrate Food Organisms.- 6-18: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of Selected Invertebrate Food Organisms.- 6-19: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Root Crops and Their By-products.- 6-20: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of the Major Root Crops and Their By-products.- 6-21: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Edible Fruits and Their By-products.- 6-22: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Aquatic Macrophytes Used for Aquaculture Feeding.- 6-23: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of Some Aquatic Macrophytes.- 6-24: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Cereal Grains and Their By-products.- 6-25: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of the Major Cereal Grains and Their By-products.- 6-26: Average Proximate Composition of the Single-Cell Proteins.- 6-27: Average Proximate Composition of Selected Animal By-Products.- 6-28: Average Essential Amino Acid Composition of Selected Animal By-Products.- 6-29: Binding Agents Used in Steam Pelleted Aquaculture Feeds.- 6-30: Food and Drug Administration Action Levels for Toxic or Deleterious Substances in Finished Animal Feeds.- 6-31: Proximate Analysis of Organisms Serving as Food for Pond Fishes.- VII. Aquaculture Ponds.- 7-1: Soil Classification After BFAR-UNDP/FAO.- 7-2: Classification of Soil Particles According to the International System and the United States Department of Agriculture System.- 7-3: Settlement Allowance for Different Soil Condition.- 7-4: Permissible Canal Velocities.- 7-5: Permissible Velocities for Open Channels Lined With Vegetation.- 7-6: End Areas in Square Feet of Embankment Sections for Different Side Slopes and Top Widths.- 7-7: Volume of Earth Needed for an Earthfill Dam Using "Sum-of-End-Areas" Method.- 7-8: Recommended Side Slopes and Top Width of Pond Dikes.- 7-9: Minimum Crown Width, in Feet as Related to Height of Pond Embankments.- 7-10: Size of Outlet Pipes for Various Sizes of Pond.- 7-11: Characteristic Dimensions of Optimum Trapezoidal Channel for Given Cross-Sectional Area and Side Slope.- 7-12: Relation Between Head and Discharge for Cippoletti and Rectangular Weirs.- 7-13: Discharge Through Cipolletti Trapezoidal Weir With End Contractions.- 7-14: Discharge Through A 90 Triangular Weir.- 7-15: Discharge Through a Parshall Flume Under Free Flow.- 7-16: Discharge From a Rectangular Weir With Full End Contractions.- 7-17: Rates of Flow Through Ditch-to-Furrow Pipes for Various Heads.- 7-18: Rates of Flow Through Ditch-to-Furrow Siphons for Various Heads.- 7-19: Acre-Feet Equivalent to a Given Number of Second-Feet Flowing for a Given Length of Time.- 7-20: Estimated Lime Requirement Needed to Increase the Total Hardness and Alkalinity of Pond Water to 20 mg/l or Greater.- 7-21: Lime Requirements of Bottom Muds Based on pH and Texture of Mud.- 7-22: Chemical Compounds Commonly Used to Disinfect Pond Bottoms and Eliminate Predators.- 7-23: Amount of Cube, Derris, or Emulsifiable Rotenone Required to Kill Fish in Ponds of Various Sizes and Depths.- 7-24: Nitrogen Fertilizers for Pond Enrichment.- 7-25: Fertilization Regimes Utilized in Shrimp Ponds.- 7-26: Average Elemental Composition of Organic Manures.- 7-27: Composition of Fresh Manure From Various Animal Species.- 7-28: Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Aquatic Macrophytes Compared With Animal Wastes.- 7-29: The 24 Hour Biochemical Oxygen Demand for Various Inputs Into Pond Culture of Fish.- 7-30: Critical Secchi Disc Depths for 1-Meter Deep Fish Pond as a Function of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration at Dusk.- 7-31: Predicted Gains and Losses of Dissolved Oxygen Because of Diffusion From a Fish Pond During the Night Based on Observed Oxygen Saturation at Dusk.- VIII. Chemicals and Treatments.- 8-1: Summary of Chemicals Used to Control Diseases and Parasites of Warmwater Fishes.- 8-2: Possible Treatments for Common Parasites of Warmwater Fish.- 8-3: Some Chemical Herbicides With Recommended Dosages for Aquatic Use.- 8-4: Agriculture Chemcial Toxicity to Selected Aquatic Animals.- 8-5: Suggested Safe Levels for Some Pesticides for Aquatic Life.- 8-6: Toxicity of Selected Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to Aquatic Life.- 8-7: Maximum Permissible Pesticide Concentrations Which May Be Tolerated by Fish.- 8-8: Toxicity of Selected Heavy Metals to Aquatic Life.- References.