Part 1 Overview and historical legacies: markets, states and democracy - a framework for the analysis of the political economy of post-communist transformation, Beverly Crawford; national liberations and nationalist nightmares - the consequences of the end of empires in the 20th century, Daniel Chirot. Part 2 The liberal ideal: conceptions of democracy in the draft constitutions of post-communist countries, Stephen Holmes; after the vacuum - post-communism in the light of Toqueville, John A. Hall. Part 3 The international context: trade integration of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union into the world economy - a structuralist approach, Paolo Guerrieri; alternatives of transformation - choices and determinants, East-Central Europe in the 1990s, Ivan T. Berend; continuity and change in Eastern Europe - strategies of post-communist politics, Andrew Janos. Part 4 Economic policy choices: labour, class and democracy - shaping political antagonisms in post-communist society, David Ost; political economy of privatization in Eastern Europe, Kazimierz Z. Poznanski; economics of transition - some gaps and illusions, Alec Nove; the political economy of introducing new currencies in the former Soviet Union, Linda Goldberg et al.