1 Front Matter; 2 Executive Summary; 3 Introduction; 4 Using Markers in Combination; 5 The Workshop; 6 Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships; 7 Using Markers in Surveys and Experimental Studies; 8 A Strategy for Using Biologic Markers of Stress in Forests; 9 Conclusions and Recommendations; 10 References; 11 Part II: The Workshop Papers: Introductory Session; 12 Air-Pollutant Distribution and Trends; 13 Elevational Gradients/Local Chemistry; 14 Large-Scale Monitoring; 15 Use of Biomarkers to Monitor Forest Damage in Europe; 16 Bioindicators in Air Pollution Research - Applications and Constraints; 17 New and Emerging Technologies; 18 Forest Applications of Biologic Markers: Regional Session; 19 Decline of Red Spruce in the Northern Appalachians: Determining if Air Pollution is an Important Factor; 20 Forest Applications of Biomarkers in Southeastern Forests; 21 Biomarkers for Defining Air Pollution Effecs in Western Coniferous; 22 Symptoms as Bioindicators of Decline in European Forests; 23 Tree-Stand/Ecosystem Session; 24 Resource Allocation in Trees and Ecosystems; 25 Markers of Air Pollution in Forests: Nutrient Cycling; 26 Human Perturbation of C, N, and S Biogeochemical Cycles: Historical Studies with Stable Isotopes; 27 Tree-Ring Analysis as an Aid to Evaluating the Effects of Air Pollution on Tree Growth; 28 Evaluation of Root-Growth and Functioning of Trees Exposed to Air Pollutants; 29 The Use of Remote Sensing for the Study of Air Pollution Effects in Forrests; 30 Indigenous and Cultivated Plants as Bioindicators; 31 Experiments and Observations on Epiphytic Lichens as Early Warning Sentinels of Forest Decline; 32 Fungal and Bacteria Symbioses as Potential Biological Markers of Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Forest Health; 33 Microbial and Rhizosphere Markers of Air Pollution Induced Stress; 34 Biochemical/Cell-Tissue Session; 35 Foliar Nitrate Reductase: a Marker for Assimilation of Atmospheric Nitrogen Oxides; 36 Free-Radical Mediated Processes as Markers of Air Pollution Stress in Trees; 37 Biochemical Indicators of Air Pollution Effects in Trees: Unambiguous Signals Based on Secondary Metabolites and Nitrogen in Fast-Growing Species; 38 Metals in Roots, Stem, and Foliage of Forest Trees; 39 The Potential of Trees to Record Aluminum Mobilization and Changes in Alkaline Earth Availability; 40 Carbon Allocation Processes as Indicators of Pollutant Impacts on Forests Trees; 41 Photosynthesis and Transpiration Measurements as Biomarkers of Air Pollution Effects on Forests; 42 Nutrient-Use Efficiency as an Indicator of Stress Effects on Forest Trees; 43 Leaf Cuticles as Potential Markers of Air Pollution; 44 Air Pollutant-Low Temperature Interactions in Trees; 45 Alteration of Chlorophyll in Plants Upon Air Pollutant Exposure; 46 Co-occurring Stress: Drought
