Fundamentals of Space Medicine

Preface by Dr. Didier Schmitt. Preface by Dr. Douglas Hamilton. Foreword. Acknowledgements. I: Introduction to Space Life Sciences. 1: Space Life Sciences: What Is It? 1.1. Objectives. 1.2. The Space Environment. 1.3. Justification for Human Spaceflight. 1.4. Where we are. 2: The Legacy of Space Life Sciences Research. 2.1. Major Space Life Sciences Event. 2.2. Survising the Odyssey. 2.3. Life Support Systems. 3: Challenges Facing Humans in Space. 3.1. Astronauts' Health Maintenance. 3.2. Environmental Health during Space Missions. 3.3. Human Mars Mission. 3.4. Countermeasures. 3.5. Artificial Gravity. 3.6. A New Science is Born. 4: References. II: Space Biology. 1: What is Life? 1.1. Life on Earth. 1.2. Life on Mars. 2: Gravitational Biology. 2.1. Questions. 2.2. Results of Space Experiments. 2.3. Bioprocessing in Space. 3: Development Biology. 3.1. Questions. 3.2. Results of Space Experiments. 4: Plant Biology. 4.1. Questions. 4.2. Results of Space Experiments. 5: Radiation Biology. 5.1. Ionized Radiation in Space. 5.2. Biological Effects of Radiation. 6: ISS Facilities for Space Biology. 7: References. III: The Neuro-Sensory System in Space. 1: The Problem: Space Motion Sickness. 2: Vestibular Function. 2.1. The Vestibular System. 2.2. The Other Senses. 3: Effects of Spaceflight on Posture and Movement. 3.1. Rest Posture. 3.2. Vestibulo-Spinal Reflexes. 3.3. Locomotion. 3.4.Body Movement. 3.5. Eye Movement. 4: Effects of Spaceflight on Spatial Orientation. 4.1. Visual Orientation. 4.2. Cognition. 5: What Do We Know? 5.1. Space Motion Sickness (SMS) Experience. 5.2. Theories for Space Motion Sickness. 5.3. Countermeasures. 6: References. IV: The Cardio-Vascular System in Space. 1: The Problem: Postflight Orthostatic Intolerance. 2: Physiology of the Cardio-Vascular System. 2.1. Basics. 2.2. Control Mechanism. 3: Effects of Spaceflight on the Cardio-Vascular System. 3.1. Launch Position. 3.2. Early On-Orbit. 3.3. Later On-Orbit. 3.4. Postflight. 4: What Do We Know? 4.1. Orthostatic Intolerance. 4.2. Pulmonary Function. 4.3. Bed Rest. 5: Countermeasures. 5.1. In-flight. 5.2. End of Mission. V: The Musculo-Skeletal System in Space. 1: The Problem: Muscle Atrophy and Bone Loss. 1.1. Muscle Atrophy. 1.2. Bone Loss. 2: Muscle and Bone Physiology. 2.1. Muscle Physiology. 2.2. Bone Physiology. 3: Effects of Spaceflight on Muscle. 3.1. Decrease in Body Mass. 3.2. Decrease in Muscle Volume and Strength. 3.3. Changes in Muscle Structure. 4: Effects of Spaceflight on Bone. 4.1. Human Studies. 4.2. Animal Studies. 5: What Do We Know? 5.1. Muscle Atrophy. 5.2. Bone Demineralization. 6: Countermeasures. 6.1. Muscle. 6.2. Bone. 6.3. Aging and Space. 7: References. VI: Psycho-Sociological Issues of Spaceflight. 1: The Problem: Reaction to Stress. 1.1. Analogs. 1.2. Space Simulators. 1.3. Actual Space Missions. 1.4. Rules. 2: Individual Selection. 2.1. Select-Out Criteria. 2.2. Select-In Criteria. 2.3. Psychological Profile of Astronauts and Cosmonauts. 3: Crew Selection. 3.1. Sociological issues. 3.2. Selection issues. 4: Assessment of Behavior and Performance. 5: Psychological Training and Support. 5.1. Training. 5.2. Support. 6: References. VII: Operational Space Medicine. 1: What Is It? 1.1. Objectives. 1.2. Risk Assessment. 2: Astronaut Selection and Training. 2.1. Crew Position. 2.2. Physical Requirements for Astronaut Selection. 2.3. Astronaut Training. 3: Prevention: Health Hazards in Space. 3.1. Medical Events during Spaceflight.