Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring

1 Legislation on emissions of air pollutants and their monitoring.- 1.1 Why monitor emissions?.- 1.2 Emissions limits.- 1.3 Monitoring requirements.- 2 Gas composition calculations.- 2.1 Units.- 2.2 Wet and dry gas.- 2.3 Combustion fundamentals.- 2.4 The 'mole' method of calculation for gases.- 2.5 Combustion and emissions calculations for solid and liquid fuels or wastes.- 2.6 Calculations based on flue gas analysis.- 3 Particulate emissions by extractive sampling.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Basic principles.- 3.3 Equipment.- 3.4 Practical aspects of sampling.- 4 Particulate emissions - optical and other methods for continuous monitoring from a point source.- 4.1 The definition of particulate emissions.- 4.2 Design of optical devices for continuous measurement.- 4.3 Other techniques for continuous measurement.- 4.4 Interaction of light with particles.- 4.5 Practical limitations.- 4.6 Summary.- 5 Gas sampling and conditioning.- 5.1 General considerations.- 5.2 Representative sampling.- 5.3 Sampling probes and transfer lines.- 5.4 Sample conditioning.- 5.5 Other features.- 6 Batch sampling and wet chemical methods of analysis.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Moisture.- 6.3 Simple combustion gases.- 6.4 Other gas chromatography applications.- 6.5 Aqueous absorption and wet chemical analysis.- 6.6 Sulphur compounds.- 6.7 Nitrogen compounds.- 6.8 Halogen compounds.- 6.9 Metals.- 7 Optical methods of analysis. 1 Infra-red.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Infra-red spectra of typical polluting gases.- 7.3 Types of analyser.- 7.4 Comparison between extractive and cross-duct systems.- 7.5 Conclusions.- 8 Optical methods of gas analysis. 2 Visible and ultra-violet.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Ultra-violet/visible absorption principles.- 8.3 Practical NDUV analyser.- 8.4 Dispersive UV.- 8.5Chemiluminescent analysers.- 9 Volatile organics.- 9.1 Background.- 9.2 Sampling of organic compounds.- 9.3 Separating organic compounds.- 9.4 Analysis of organic compounds.- 10 Sampling and analysis of PAH, dioxins and furans.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Chemistry and toxicology.- 10.3 Emissions from combustion sources.- 10.4 Sampling.- 10.5 Analysis.- 10.6 Summary.- 11 Electrochemical and other non-optical techniques.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Methods for oxygen.- 11.3 Other low-temperature electrochemical cells.- 11.4 High-temperature electrochemical cells.- 11.5 Semiconductor sensors.- 11.6 Combustible gas detectors.- 11.7 Mass spectrometry.- 11.8 Ion mobility spectrometry.- 12 Calibration of continuous gaseous emission measuring systems.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Sampling and accuracy of CEMS.- 12.3 Types of CEMS and available calibration methods.- 12.4 Calibration with standard reference gas mixtures.- 12.5 Calibration using standard reference test methods.- 12.6 Calibration using verified CEMS.- 13 Calibration gases.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Calibration gas selection.- 13.3 Calibration gas mixture preparation.- 13.4 Static volumetric methods.- 13.5 Dynamic volumetric methods.- 13.6 Traceability.- 13.7 Traceability of calibration gas mixtures.- 13.8 Stability.- 13.9 'Spectra Seal'.- 14 Datalogging.- 14.1 Emission monitoring requirements.- 14.2 Methods of emission monitoring.- 14.3 Summary.- 15 Quality assurance and quality control in emissions monitoring.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Quality management for emissions monitoring.- 15.3 Organization and management.- 15.4 Quality systems.- 15.5 Staff.- 15.6 Equipment.- 15.7 Measurement traceability and calibration.- 15.8 Sample storage and transport.- 15.9 Quality audits and reviews.- 15.10 Common sources of error.-16 Statistics in relation to emissions monitoring.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 The data.- 16.3 Fundamentals.- 16.4 Confidence limits.- 16.5 Hypothesis testing.- 16.6 Comparison of means.- 16.7 Statistics relating to the percentile points of a distribution.- Appendices.- A British Standards.- B German VDI Standards (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure).- C US EPA Standard Methods.- D Main provisions for testing to British Standard 3405: 1983..