Aryl Diazonium Salts

Preface

ATTACHMENT OF ORGANIC LAYERS TO MATERIALS SURFACES BY REDUCTION OF DIAZONIUM SALTS
A Brief Survey of the Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Diazonium Salts
The Different Methods that Permit Grafting of Diazonium Salts
The Different Substrates, Diazonium Salts, and Solvents that Can Be Used
Evidence for the Presence of a Bond between the Substrate and the Organic Layer
From Monolayers to Multilayers
Structure and Formation of Multilayers
Conclusion

ARYL-SURFACE BONDING: A DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY (DFT) SIMULATION APPROACH
Introduction
Density Functional Theory
Bonding between Aryl and Various Substrates
Summary and Outlook

PATTERNED MOLECULAR LAYERS ON SURFACES
Methods Based on Scanning Probe Lithography
Methods Based on Soft Lithography
Methods Based on Lithography
Methods Based on Surface-Directed Patterning
Summary and Conclusions

ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ARYL LAYERS
Introduction
Scanning Probe Microscopies
UV-VIS Spectroscopy: Transmission, Reflection, and Ellipsometry
IR Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
X-ray Standing Waves (XSW)
Rutherford Backscattering
Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
Electrochemistry
Contact Angle Measurements
Conclusion

MODIFICATION OF NANO-OBJECTS BY ARYL DIAZONIUM SALTS
Introduction
Electrochemical Modification of Nano-objects by Reduction of Diazonium Salts
Chemical Modification of Nano-objects by Reduction of Diazonium Salts
Summary and Conclusions

POLYMER GRAFTING TO ARYL DIAZONIUM-MODIFIED MATERIALS: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Methods for Grafting Coupling Agents from Aryl Diazonium Compounds
Grafting Macromolecules to Surfaces through Aryl Layers
Adhesion of Polymers to Surfaces through Aryl Layers
Conclusion

GRAFTING POLYMER FILMS ONTO MATERIAL SURFACES: THE ONE-STEP REDOX PROCESSES
Cathodic Electrografting (CE) in an Organic Medium
Surface Electroinitiated Emulsion Polymerization (SEEP) Chemical Grafting via Chemical Redox Activation (Graftfast/TM)
Summary and Conclusions

ELECTROGRAFTING OF CONDUCTIVE OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS
Introduction
Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers
Surface Grafting Based on Electroreduction of Diazonium Salts
Polyphenylene and Oligophenylene-Tethered Surface Prepared by the Diazonium Reduction of Aniline or 4-Substituted Aniline
n-Doping and Conductance Switching of Grafted Biphenyl, Terphenyl, Nitro-biphenyl and 4-Nitroazobenzene Mono- and Multilayers
p-Doping and Conductance Switching of Grafted Oligo- Phenylthiophene or Oligothiophene Mono- and Multilayers
p-Doping and Conductance Switching of Grafted Oligoaniline Mono- and Multilayers
Conclusion and Outlook

THE USE OF ARYL DIAZONIUM SALTS IN THE FABRICATION OF BIOSENSORS AND CHEMICAL SENSORS
Introduction
The Important Features of Aryl Diazonium Salts with Regard to Sensing
Sensors and Biosensors Fabricated Using Aryl Diazonium Salts
Conclusions

DIAZONIUM COMPOUNDS IN MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS
Introduction
Fabrication of Molecular Junctions Using Diazonium Reagents Electronic Performance of Diazonium-Derived Molecular Junctions
Summary and Outlook

ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SI SURFACES MODIFIED BY ARYL DIAZONIUM COMPOUNDS
Introduction
Experimental Techniques to Characterize Electronic Properties of Si Surfaces in Solutions
Conclusion and Outlook

NON-DIAZONIUM ORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC COUPLING AGENTS FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION
Amines
Arylhydrazines
Aryltriazenes
Alcohols
Grignard Reagents
Onium Salts
Alkyl Halides
Conclusion

VARIOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES FOR GRAFTING ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONAL MOLECULES TO SILICON
Introduction
Architecture of Hybrid Devices
Electrografting of Monolayers to Si Negative Differential Resistance Effect in a Monolayer Electrografted Using a Diazonium Complex
Dielectric Monolayers Electrografted Using Silanes
Molecular Diodes Based on C60/Porphyrin-Derivative Bilayers
Memory Effect in TPP-C11 Monolayers Electrografted Using a C=C Linker
Summary

PATENTS AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ARYL DIAZONIUM SALTS AND OTHER COUPLING AGENTS
Introduction
Patents
Industrial Applications
Conclusion