About the Editors xxi
List of Contributors xxiii
Preface xxvii
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION 1
1 Introduction and Scope 3
John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves
1.1 Historical Prologue 3
1.2 The Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science 5
References 7
2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques: Basics and Instrumentation 9
John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques 9
2.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Instrumentation 22
2.4 Closing Remarks 40
References 40
3 Vibrational Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques 45
John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards and Michael D. Hargreaves
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques 47
3.3 Closing Remarks 81
Acknowledgements 81
References 82
SECTION II: CRIMINAL SCENE 87
4 Criminal Forensic Analysis 89
Edward G. Bartick
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Forensic Analysis 90
4.3 General Use of IR and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis 91
4.4 Applications of Evidential Material Analysis 93
4.5 Summary and Future Direction 105
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
4.1 Forensic Analysis of Hair by Infrared Spectroscopy 111
Kathryn S. Kalasinsky
References 119
4.2 Raman Spectroscopy for Forensic Analysis of Household and Automotive Paints 121
Steven E.J. Bell, Samantha P. Stewart and W.J. Armstrong
References 135
4.3 Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Inks on Written Documents 137
A. Guedes and A.C. Prieto
References 149
4.4 Forensic Analysis of Fibres by Vibrational Spectroscopy 153
Peter M. Fredericks
Acknowledgement 168
References 168
4.5 In Situ Crime Scene Analysis 171
Edward G. Bartick
Acknowledgements 183
References 183
4.6 Raman spectroscopy gains currency 185
R. Withnall, A. Reip and J. Silver
Acknowledgements 203
References 203
SECTION III: COUNTER TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY 205
5 Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security 207
Vincent Otieno-Alego and Naomi Speers
5.1 Introduction 207
5.2 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Explosives Identification 208
5.3 Portable IR and Raman Instruments 213
5.4 Post-Blast Examinations 217
5.5 Detection of Explosives in Fingerprints 217
5.6 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 218
5.7 Terahertz Spectroscopy of Explosives 221
5.8 Summary 226
Glossary 227
References 228
5.1 Tracing Bioagents - a Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for a Fast and Reliable Identification of Bioagents 233
P. REURosch, U. MEURunchberg, S. StEURockel and J. Popp
Acknowledgement 246
References 246
5.2 Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation 251
Mary L. Lewis, Ian R. Lewis and Peter R. Griffiths
References 269
5.3 Handheld Raman and FT-IR Spectrometers 275
Michael D. Hargreaves, Robert L. Green, Wayne Jalenak, Christopher D. Brown and Craig Gardner
Disclaimer 286
References 286
5.4 Non-Invasive Detection of Concealed Liquid and Powder Explosives using Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy 289
Kevin Buckley and Pavel Matousek
References 294
5.5 Terahertz Frequency Spectroscopy and its Potential for Security Applications 295
A.D. Burnett, A.G. Davies, P. Dean, J.E. Cunningham and E.H. Linfield
Acknowledgements 309
References 310
SECTION IV: DRUGS AND DRUGS OF ABUSE 315
6 Raman Spectroscopy of Drugs of Abuse 317
Steven E.J. Bell, Samantha P. Stewart and S.J. Speers
6.1 Introduction 317
6.2 Bulk Drugs 317
6.3 Trace Detection 328
6.4 Conclusions 335
References 336
6.1 Drugs of Abuse - Application of Handheld FT-IR and Raman Spectrometers 339
Michael D. Hargreaves
Disclaimer 348
References 348
6.2 Non-Invasive Detection of Illicit Drugs Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy 351
Kevin Buckley and Pavel Matousek
References 356
6.3 Detection of Drugs of Abuse Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering 357
Karen Faulds and W. Ewen Smith
References 365
SECTION V: ART 367
7 Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool for Tracing Art Forgeries 369
A. Deneckere, P. Vandenabeele and L. Moens
7.1 Introduction 369
7.2 How to Trace Art Forgeries with Vibrational Spectroscopy? 371
7.3 Conclusion 380
Acknowledgements 380
References 380
7.1 Identification of Dyes and Pigments by Vibrational Spectroscopy 383
Juan Manuel Madariaga
References 396
7.2 The Vinland Map: An Authentic Relic of Early Exploration or a Modern Forgery - Raman Spectroscopy in a Pivotal Role? 401
Howell G.M. Edwards
References 407
7.3 Study of Manuscripts by Vibrational Spectroscopy 409
Lucia Burgio
Acknowledgements 415
References 415
SECTION VI: ARCHAEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY 419
8 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Forensic Applications in Mineralogy 421
J. Jehlicka
8.1 Introduction 421
8.2 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy for Provenancing 423
8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals 423
8.4 Opals 428
8.5 Natural Glass 428
8.6 Meteorites 429
8.7 Identification and Provenancing of Gemstones 430
8.8 Common Minerals 433
8.9 Databases 434
8.10 Identification of Inclusions in Minerals 434
8.11 Raman Mapping Techniques 436
8.12 Analyses Outdoors and On Site 437
8.13 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to the Provenancing of Rocks 438
8.14 Summary 438
Acknowledgements 439
References 439
8.1 Identification of Ivory by Conventional Backscatter Raman and SORS 447
Michael D. Hargreaves and Howell G.M. Edwards
Disclaimer 453
References 454
8.2 Applications to the Study of Gems and Jewellery 455
Lore Kiefert, Marina Epelboym, Hpone-Phyo Kan-Nyunt and Susan Paralusz
Acknowledgements 467
References 467
8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Ceramics and Glasses 469
Paola Ricciardi and Philippe Colomban
References 478
8.4 Raman Spectroscopy at Longer Excitation Wavelengths Applied to the Forensic Analysis of Archaeological Specimens: A Novel Aspect of Forensic Geoscience 481
Howell G.M. Edwards
Acknowledgements 509
References 510
SECTION VII: COUNTERFEIT CONSUMER PRODUCTS 513
9 Counterfeit Consumer Products 515
Andrew J. O'Neil
9.1 Background 515
9.2 Anti-Counterfeiting Organisations 515
9.3 Definition of a Counterfeit Product 516
9.4 Counterfeit Product Spectroscopic Analysis 516
9.5 Case Studies Using Mid-infrared, Raman and Near-infrared Spectroscopies and NIR Multispectral Imaging 529
9.6 Case Study I: Counterfeit Clothing 532
9.7 Case Study II: Counterfeit Aftershave 536
9.8 Case Study III: Counterfeit Medicines 540
9.9 Case Study IV: Counterfeit Product Packaging 549
9.10 Case Study V: Counterfeit Royal Mail First Class Stamps 551
9.11 Case Study VI: Counterfeit Bank of England Banknotes 552
9.12 Conclusion 555
References 557
9.1 Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Counterfeit Tablets 561
Kaho Kwok and Lynne S. Taylor
Acknowledgements 571
References 571
9.2 Examination of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Labels 573
Mark R. Witkowski and Mary W. Carrabba
Disclaimer 582
Acknowledgements 582
References 582
9.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy for "Food Forensics" 583
Victoria L. Brewster and Royston Goodacre
Acknowledgements 589
References 589
9.4 Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Adulteration in Foods 593
Banu Özen and Figen Tokatli
References 599
Index 603
