Preface
1. Introduction
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach
Blindsight
Split Brains
Unilateral Neglect
Interim Summary
The Nature of Psysiological Psychology
The Goals of Research
Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology
Interim Summary
Natural Selection and Evolution
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
Evolution of the Human Species
Evolution of Large Brains
Interim Summary
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals
Careers in Neuroscience
Interim Summary
Strategies for Learning
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons
Supporting Cells
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Interim Summary
Communication within a Neuron
Neural Communication: An Overview
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces
The Action Potential
Conduction of the Action Potential
Interim Summary
Communication between Neurons
Structure of Synapses
Release of Neurotransmitter
Activation of Receptors
Postsynaptic Potentials
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
Autoreceptors
Other Types of Synapses
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
3. Structure of the Nervous System
Basic Features of the Nervous System
An Overview
Meninges
The Ventricular System and Production
of CSF
Interim Summary
The Central Nervous System
Development of the Central Nervous System
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
Interim Summary
The Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal Nerves
Cranial Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
4. Psychopharmacology
Principles of Psychopharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Effectiveness
Effects of Repeated Administration
Placebo Effects
Interim Summary
Sites of Drug Action
Effects on Production of
Neurotransmitters
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
Effect on Receptors
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of
Neurotransmitter
Interim Summary
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
Acetylcholine
The Monoamines
Amino Acids
Peptides
Lipids
Nucleosides
Soluble Gases
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additonal Resources
5. Methods and Strategies of Research
Experimental Ablation
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
Producing Brain Lesions
Sterotaxic Surgery
Histological Methods
Tracing Neural Connections
Study of the Living Human Brain
Interim Summary
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
Recording of Neural Activity
Recording of the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
Measuring the Brain's Secretions
Stimulating Neural Activity
Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation
Interim Summary
Neurochemical Methods
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
Localizing Particular Receptors
Interim Summary
Genetic Methods
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Targeted Mutations
Antisense Oligonucleotides
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
6. Vision
The Stimulus Anatomy of the Visual System
The Eyes
Photoreceptors
Connections Between Eye and Brain
Interim Summary
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina
Coding of Light and Dark
Coding of Color
Interim Summary
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex
Orientation and Movement
Spatial Frequency
Retinal Disparity
Color
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex
Interim Summary
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex
Two Streams of Visual Analysis
Perception of Color
Perception of Form
Perception of Movement
Perception of Spatial Location
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Addiitional Resources
7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
Audition
The Stimulus
Anatomy of the Ear
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information
The Auditory Pathway
Perception of Pitch
Perception of Loudness
Perception of Timbre
Perception of Spatial Location
Perception of Complex Sounds
Interim Summary
Vestibular System
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
The Receptor Cells
The Vestibular Pathway
Interim Summary
Somatosenses
The Stimuli
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation
The Somatosensory Pathways
Perception of Pain
Interim Summary
Gustation
The Stimuli
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
Perception of Gustatory Information
The Gustatory Pathway
Interim Summary
Olfaction
The Stimulus
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
Transduction of Olfactory Information
Perception of Specific Odors
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additonal Resources
8. Control of Movement
Muscles
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Interim Summary
Reflexive Control of Movement
The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
The Gamma Motor System
Polysynaptic Reflexes
Interim Summary
Control of Movement by the Brain
Organization of Motor Cortex
Initiating, Imitating, and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways
Deficits of Skilled movements: The Apraxias
The Basal Ganglia
The Cerebellum
The Reticular Formation
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
9. Sleep and Biological Rhythms
A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep
Stages of Sleep
Mental Activity During Sleep
Interim Summary
Disorders of Sleep
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep
Interim Summary
Why Do We Sleep?
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep
Functions of REM Sleep
Interim Summary
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
Chemical Control of Sleep
Neural Control of Arousal
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep
Neural Control of REM Sleep
Interim Summary
Biological Clocks
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
10. Reproductive Behahvior
Sexual Development
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
Development of the Sex Organs
Sexual Maturation
Interim Summary
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Effects of Pheromones
Human Sexual Behavior
Sexual Orientation
Interim Summary
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
Males
Females
Formation of Pair Bonds
Interim Summary
Parental Behavior
Maternal Behavior of Rodents
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
11. Emotion
Emotions as Response Patterns
Fear
Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior
Interim Summary
Communication of Emotions
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate
Responses
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
Interim Summary
Feelings of Emotions
The James-Lange Theory
Feedback from Simulated Emotions
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
12. Ingestive Behavior
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
Drinking
Some Facts about Fluid Balance
Two Types of Thirst
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst
Interim Summary
Eating: Some Facts about Metabolism
Absorption, Fasting, and the Two Nutrient Reservoirs
Interim Summary
What Starts a Meal?
Signals from the Environment
Signals from the Stomach
Metabolic Signals
Interim Summary
What Stops a Meal?
Head Factors
Gastric Factors
Intestinal Factors
Liver Factors
Insulin
Long-Term Satity: Signals from Adipose Tissue
Interim Summary
Brain Mechanisms
Brain Stem
Hypothalamus
Interim Summary
Eating Disorders
Obesity
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
13. Learning and Memory
The Nature of Learning
Interim Summary
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
Role of NMDA Receptors
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity
Long-Term Depression
Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation
Interim Summary
Perceptual Learning
Learning to Recognize Visual Stimuli
Perceptual Short-Term Memory
Interim Summary
Classical Conditioning
Interim Summary
Instrumental Conditioning
Basal Ganglia
Reinforcement
Interim Summary
Relational Learning
Human Anterograde Amnesia
Spared Learning Abilities
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in
Consolidation of Declarative Memories
Episodic and Semantic Memories
Spatial Memory
Confabulation: Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Evaluating the Accuracy of Memories
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Memory Consolidation
Role of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Learning
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
14. Human Communication
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Lateralization
Speech Production
Speech Comprehension
Aphasia in Deaf Peole
The Bilingual Brain
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech
Stuttering
Interim Summary
Disorders of Reading and Writing
Relation to Aphasia
Pure Alexia
Toward an Understanding of Reading
Toward and Understanding of Writing
Developmental Dyslexias
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
15. Neurological Disorders
Tumors
Seizure Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accidents
Interim Summary
Disorders of Development
Toxic Chemicals
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Down Syndrome
Interim Summary
Degenerative Disorders
Transmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathies
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Interim Summary
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
16. Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders
Schizophrenia
Description
Heritability
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder
Interim Summary
Major Affective Disorders
Description
Heritability
Physiological Treatments
Role of Monoamines
Evidence for Brain Abnormalities
Role of the 5-HT Transporter
Role of Circadian Rhythms
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
17. Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Interim Summary
Autistic Disorder
Description
Possible Causes
Interim Summary
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Description
Possible Causes
Interim Summary
Stress Disorders
Physiology of the Stress Response
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress
Effects of Stress on the Brain
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Psychoneuroimmunology
Interim Summary
Suggested Readings
Additional Resources
18. Drug Abuse
Common Features of Addiction
A Little Background
Physical Versus Psychological Addiction
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Craving and Relapse
Interim Summary
Commonly Abused Drugs
Opiates
Stimulant Drugs: Cocaine and Amphetamine
Nicotine
Alcohol
Cannabis
Interim Summary
Heredity and Drug Abuse
Heritability Studies of Humans
Animal Models of Drug Abuse
Interim Summary
Therapy for Drug Abuse
Interim Summary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
