1. Origins of Physiological Psychology.
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach.
Split Brains.
Interim Summary.
The Nature of Physiological Psychology.
The Goals of Research.
Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology.
Interim Summary.
Natural Selection and Evolution.
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits.
Evolution of the Human Species.
Evolution of Large Brains.
Interim Summary.
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals.
Careers in Neuroscience.
Interim Summary.
Strategies for Learning.
2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System.
Cells of the Nervous System.
Neurons.
Supporting Cells.
The BloodBrain Barrier.
Interim Summary.
Communication Within a Neuron.
Neural Communication: An Overview.
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons.
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces.
The Action Potential.
Conduction of the Action Potential.
Interim Summary.
Communication Between Neurons.
The Concept of Chemical Transmission.
Structure of Synapses.
Release of Neurotransmitter.
Activation of Receptors.
Postsynaptic Potentials.
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials.
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration.
Autoreceptors.
Axoaxonic Synapses.
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication.
Interim Summary.
3. Structure of the Nervous System.
Basic Features of the Nervous System.
An Overview.
Meninges.
The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid.
Interim Summary.
The Central Nervous System.
Development of the Central Nervous System.
The Forebrain.
The Midbrain.
The Hindbrain.
The Spinal Cord.
Interim Summary.
The Peripheral Nervous System.
Spinal Nerves.
Cranial Nerves.
The Autonomic Nervous System.
Interim Summary.
4. Psychopharmacology.
Principles of Psychopharmacology.
Pharmacokinetics.
Drug Effectiveness.
Effects of Repeated Administration.
Placebo Effects.
Interim Summary.
Sites of Drug Action.
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters.
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters.
Effects on Receptors.
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters.
Interim Summary.
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators.
Acetylcholine.
The Monoamines.
Amino Acids.
Peptides.
Lipids.
Nucleosides.
Soluble Gases.
Interim Summary.
5. Methods and Strategies of Research.
Experimental Ablation.
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage.
Producing Brain Lesions.
Stereotaxic Surgery.
Histological Methods.
Tracing Neural Connections.
Study of the Living Human Brain.
Interim Summary.
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity.
Recording Neural Activity.
Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity.
Measuring the Brain's Secretions.
Stimulating Neural Activity.
Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation.
Interim Summary.
Neurochemical Methods.
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals.
Localizing Particular Receptors.
Interim Summary.
Genetic Methods.
Twin Studies.
Adoption Studies.
Targeted Mutations.
Interim Summary.
6. Vision.
The Stimulus.
Anatomy of the Visual System.
The Eyes.
Photoreceptors.
Connections Between Eye and Brain.
Interim Summary.
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina.
Coding of Light and Dark.
Coding of Color.
Interim Summary.
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex.
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex.
Orientation and Movement.
Spatial Frequency.
Retinal Disparity.
Color.
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex.
Interim Summary.
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex.
Two Streams of Visual Analysis.
Perception of Color.
Analysis of Form.
Perception of Movement.
Perception of Spatial Location.
Interim Summary.
7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses.
Audition.
The Stimulus.
Anatomy of the Ear.
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information.
The Auditory Pathway.
Perception of Pitch.
Perception of Timbre.
Perception of Spatial Location.
Behavioral Functions of the Auditory System.
Interim Summary.
Vestibular System.
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus.
The Receptor Cells.
The Vestibular Pathway.
Interim Summary.
Somatosenses.
The Stimuli.
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs.
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation.
The Somatosensory Pathways.
Perception of Pain.
Interim Summary.
Gustation.
The Stimuli.
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells.
Perception of Gustatory Information.
The Gustatory Pathway.
Interim Summary.
Olfaction.
The Stimulus.
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus.
Transduction of Olfactory Information.
Perception of Specific Odors.
Interim Summary.
8. Sleep and Biological Rhythms.
A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep.
Interim Summary.
Disorders of Sleep.
Insomnia.
Narcolepsy.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder.
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep.
Interim Summary.
Why Do We Sleep?
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep.
Functions of REM Sleep.
Interim Summary.
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking.
Chemical Control of Sleep.
Neural Control of Arousal.
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep.
Neural Control of REM Sleep.
Interim Summary.
Biological Clocks.
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers.
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin.
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag.
Interim Summary.
9. Reproductive Behavior.
Sexual Development.
Production of Gametes and Fertilization.
Development of the Sex Organs.
Sexual Maturation.
Interim Summary.
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior.
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles.
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals.
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization.
Effects of Pheromones.
Human Sexual Behavior.
Sexual Orientation.
Interim Summary.
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior.
Males.
Females.
Interim Summary.
Parental Behavior.
Maternal Behavior of Rodents.
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior.
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior.
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior.
Interim Summary.
10. Emotion.
Emotions as Response Patterns.
Fear.
Anger and Aggression.
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior.
Interim Summary.
Communication of Emotions.
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses.
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition.
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression.
Interim Summary.
Feelings of Emotions.
The James-Lange Theory.
Feedback From Simulated Emotions.
Interim Summary.
11. Ingestive Behavior.
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms.
Drinking.
Some Facts About Fluid Balance.
Two Types of Thirst.
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst.
Interim Summary.
Eating and Metabolism.
Interim Summary.
What Starts a Meal?
Social and Environmental Factors.
Physiological Hunger Signals.
Interim Summary.
What Stops a Meal?
Gastric Factors.
Intestinal Factors.
Liver Factors.
Satiety During the Absorptive Phase: Role of Insulin.
Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue.
Interim Summary.
Brain Mechanisms.
Brain Stem.
Hypothalamus.
Interim Summary.
Eating Disorders.
Obesity.
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa.
Interim Summary.
12. Learning and Memory.
The Nature of Learning.
Interim Summary.
Learning and Synaptic Plasticity.
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation.
Role of NMDA Receptors.
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity.
Long-Term Depression.
Interim Summary.
Perceptual Learning.
Interim Summary.
Classical Conditioning.
Interim Summary.
Instrumental Conditioning.
Role of the Basal Ganglia.
Reinforcement.
Interim Summary.
Relational Learning.
Human Anterograde Amnesia.
Basic Description.
Spared Learning Abilities.
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories.
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia.
Anterograde Amnesia: Failure of Relational Learning.
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Spatial Memory.
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals.
Interim Summary.
13. Human Communication.
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms.
Lateralization.
Speech Production.
Speech Comprehension.
The Bilingual Brain.
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech.
Interim Summary.
Disorders of Reading and Writing.
Relationship to Aphasia.
Pure Alexia.
Toward an Understanding of Reading.
Toward an Understanding of Writing.
Developmental Dyslexias.
Interim Summary.
14. Neurological Disorders.
Tumors.
Seizure Disorders.
Cerebrovascular Accidents.
Interim Summary.
Disorders of Development.
Toxic Chemicals.
Inherited Metabolic Disorders.
Down Syndrome.
Interim Summary.
Degenerative Disorders.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies.
Parkinson's Disease.
Huntington's Disease.
Alzheimer's Disease.
Multiple Sclerosis.
Interim Summary.
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases.
Interim Summary.
15. Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders.
Schizophrenia.
Description.
Heritability.
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis.
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder.
Interim Summary.
Major Affective Disorders.
Description.
Heritability.
Physiological Treatments.
Role of Monoamines.
Evidence for Brain Abnormalities.
Role of Circadian Rhythms.
Interim Summary.
Anxiety Disorders.
Panic Disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
Interim Summary.
16. Autism, Attention-Deficit Disorder, Stress Disorders, and Drug Abuse.
Autistic Disorder.
Description.
Possible Causes.
Interim Summary.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Description.
Possible Causes.
Interim Summary.
Stress Disorders.
Physiology of the Stress Response.
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
The Coping Response.
Stress and Infections Diseases.
Interim Summary.
Substance Abuse Disorders.
What Is Addiction?
Common Features of Addiction.
Commonly Abused Drugs.
Heredity and Drug Abuse.
Therapy for Drug Abuse.
Interim Summary.
