Contents
Chapter 1 Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience 1
PROLOGUE ??Rene's Inspiration 2
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach 3
Split Brains 3
The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience 6
The Goals of Research 6
Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience 7
Natural Selection and Evolution 10
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits 10
Evolution of the Human Species 12
Evolution of Large Brains 14
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals 16
Careers in Neuroscience 19
Strategies for Learning 20
EPILOGUE ??Models of Brain Functions 22
Key Concepts 23
Suggested Readings 23
Additional Resources 23
Chapter 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System 24
PROLOGUE ??Unresponsive Muscles 25
Cells of the Nervous System 26
Neurons 26
Supporting Cells 30
The Blood-Brain Barrier 33
Communication Within a Neuron 34
Neural Communication: An Overview 34
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons 36
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces 38
The Action Potential 40
Conduction of the Action Potential 42
Communication Between Neurons 45
Structure of Synapses 45
Release of Neurotransmitter 46
Activation of Receptors 47
Postsynaptic Potentials 48
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials 50
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration 51
Autoreceptors 52
Axoaxonic Synapses 52
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication 52
EPILOGUE ??Myasthenia Gravis 54
Key Concepts 55
Suggested Readings 55
Additional Resources 55
Chapter 3 Structure of the Nervous System 56
PROLOGUE ??The Left Is Gone 57
Basic Features of the Nervous System 57
An Overview 60
Meninges 60
The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid 60
The Central Nervous System 63
Development of the Central Nervous System 63
The Forebrain 67
The Midbrain 76
The Hindbrain 78
The Spinal Cord 78
The Peripheral Nervous System 80
Spinal Nerves 80
Cranial Nerves 81
The Autonomic Nervous System 83
EPILOGUE ??Unilateral Neglect 85
Key Concepts 87
Suggested Readings 87
Additional Resources 87
Chapter 4 Psychopharmacology 88
PROLOGUE ??A Contaminated Drug 89
Principles of Psychopharmacology 89
Pharmacokinetics 90
Drug Effectiveness 92
Effects of Repeated Administration 93
Placebo Effects 94
Sites of Drug Action 95
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters 96
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters 97
Effects on Receptors 97
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters 98
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators 99
Acetylcholine 99
The Monoamines 101
Amino Acids 106
Peptides 108
Lipids 109
Nucleosides 110
Soluble Gases 111
EPILOGUE ??Helpful Hints from a Tragedy 113
Key Concepts 114
Suggested Readings 114
Additional Resources 114
Chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research 115
PROLOGUE ??Heart Repaired, Brain Damaged 116
Experimental Ablation 117
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage 117
Producing Brain Lesions 117
Stereotaxic Surgery 119
Histological Methods 121
Tracing Neural Connections 122
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain 125
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity 128
Recording Neural Activity 128
Recording the Brain's Metabolic and
Synaptic Activity 131
Stimulating Neural Activity 133
Neurochemical Methods 136
Finding Neurons that Produce Particular Neurochemicals 136
Localizing Particular Receptors 137
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain 138
Genetic Methods 140
Twin Studies 140
Adoption Studies 141
Targeted Mutations 142
Antisense Oligonucleotides 142
EPILOGUE ??Watch the Brain Waves 143
Key Concepts 144
Suggested Readings 145
Additional Resources 145
Chapter 6 Vision 146
PROLOGUE ??Seeing Without Perceiving 147
The Stimulus 148
Anatomy of the Visual System 149
The Eyes 149
Photoreceptors 151
Connections Between Eye and Brain 152
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina 154
Coding of Light and Dark 154
Coding of Color 155
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex 158
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex 158
Orientation and Movement 158
Spatial Frequency 159
Retinal Disparity 160
Color 160
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex 161
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual
Association Cortex 162
Two Streams of Visual Analysis 162
Perception of Color 164
Perception of Form 166
Perception of Movement 169
Perception of Spatial Location 172
EPILOGUE ??Case Studies 175
Key Concepts 176
Suggested Readings 176
Additional Resources 176
Chapter 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses 177
PROLOGUE ??All in Her Head? 178
Audition 178
The Stimulus 179
Anatomy of the Ear 179
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information 181
The Auditory Pathway 182
Perception of Pitch 183
Perception of Timbre 186
Perception of Spatial Location 186
Perception of Complex Sounds 188
Vestibular System 191
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus 192
The Vestibular Pathway 193
Somatosenses 194
The Stimuli 194
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs 195
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation 195
The Somatosensory Pathways 198
Perception of Pain 199
Gustation 201
The Stimuli 201
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells 202
Perception of Gustatory Information 202
The Gustatory Pathway 203
Olfaction 204
The Stimulus 206
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus 206
Transduction of Olfactory Information 207
Perception of Specific Odors 207
EPILOGUE ??Natural Analgesia 209
Key Concepts 210
Suggested Readings 211
Additional Resources 211
Chapter 8 Sleep and Biological Rhythms 212
PROLOGUE ??Waking Nightmares 213
A Physiological and Behavioral
Description of Sleep 213
Disorders of Sleep 217
Insomnia 217
Narcolepsy 218
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 220
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep 220
Why Do We Sleep? 221
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep 222
Functions of REM Sleep 223
Sleep and Learning 224
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking 226
Chemical Control of Sleep 226
Neural Control of Arousal 227
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep 230
Neural Control of REM Sleep 232
Biological Clocks 236
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers 236
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 236
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag 239
EPILOGUE ??Functions of Dreams 241
Key Concepts 242
Suggested Readings 243
Additional Resources 243
Chapter 9 Reproductive Behavior 244
PROLOGUE ??From Boy to Girl 245
Sexual Development 245
Production of Gametes and Fertilization 245
Development of the Sex Organs 246
Sexual Maturation 249
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior 252
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles 252
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals 253
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization 255
Effects of Pheromones 255
Human Sexual Behavior 258
Sexual Orientation 259
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior 264
Males 264
Females 266
Formation of Pair Bonds 267
Parental Behavior 269
Maternal Behavior of Rodents 269
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior 270
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior 271
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior 271
EPILOGUE ??From Boy to Girl and Back Again 272
Key Concepts 273
Suggested Readings 274
Additional Resources 274
Chapter 10 Emotion 275
PROLOGUE ??Intellect and Emotion 276
Emotions as Response Patterns 276
Fear 277
Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control 281
Communication of Emotions 288
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses 288
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition 290
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression 292
Feelings of Emotions 295
The James-Lange Theory 295
Feedback from Simulated Emotions 296
EPILOGUE ??Mr. V. Revisited 298
Key Concepts 299
Suggested Readings 300
Additional Resources 300
Chapter 11 Ingestive Behavior 301
PROLOGUE ??Out of Control 302
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms 302
Drinking 304
Some Facts About Fluid Balance 304
Two Types of Thirst 305
Eating: Some Facts About Metabolism 309
What Starts a Meal? 312
Signals from the Environment 312
Signals from the Stomach 312
Metabolic Signals 313
What Stops a Meal? 315
Gastric Factors 315
Intestinal Factors 315
Liver Factors 316
Insulin 317
Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue 317
Brain Mechanisms 318
Brain Stem 318
Hypothalamus 319
Obesity 323
Possible Causes 323
Treatment 326
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa 330
Possible Causes 330
Treatment 332
EPILOGUE ??An Insatiable Appetite 334
Key Concepts 334
Suggested Readings 335
Additional Resources 335
Chapter 12 Learning and Memory 336
PROLOGUE ??Every Day Is Alone 337
The Nature of Learning 337
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression 341
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation 341
Role of NMDA Receptors 343
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity 345
Long-Term Depression 348
Perceptual Learning 349
Classical Conditioning 351
Instrumental Conditioning 353
Role of the Basal Ganglia 353
Reinforcement 355
Relational Learning 358
Human Anterograde Amnesia 358
Spared Learning Abilities 360
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories 361
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia 363
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Memory Consolidation 363
Episodic and Semantic Memories 365
Spatial Memory 366
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals 367
Role of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Learning 372
EPILOGUE ??What Causes Confabulation? 374
Key Concepts 375
Suggested Readings 375
Additional Resources 376
Chapter 13 Human Communication 377
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms 378
Lateralization 379
Speech Production 380
Speech Comprehension 382
Aphasia in Deaf People 392
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech 393
Stuttering 394
Disorders of Reading and Writing 397
Pure Alexia 397
Toward an Understanding of Reading 399
Toward an Understanding of Writing 404
Developmental Dyslexias 405
EPILOGUE ??Speech Sounds and the Left Hemisphere 408
Key Concepts 408
Suggested Readings 409
Additional Resources 409
Chapter 14 Neurological Disorders 410
PROLOGUE ??It Started with Her Foot 411
Tumors 411
Seizure Disorders 413
Cerebrovascular Accidents 416
Disorders of Development 420
Toxic Chemicals 420
Inherited Metabolic Disorders 421
Down Syndrome 422
Degenerative Disorders 423
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 423
Parkinson's Disease 425
Huntington's Disease 429
Alzheimer's Disease 430
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 434
Multiple Sclerosis 435
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases 437
EPILOGUE ??Seizure Surgery 439
Key Concepts 440
Suggested Readings 440
Additional Resources 441
Chapter 15 Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders 442
PROLOGUE ??Anxiety Surgery 443
Schizophrenia 443
Description 443
Heritability 445
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia:
The Dopamine Hypothesis 445
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder 446
Major Affective Disorders 455
Description 455
Heritability 456
Biological Treatments 457
The Monoamine Hypothesis 460
Evidence for Brain Abnormalities 461
Role of Neurogenesis 463
Role of Circadian Rhythms 464
Anxiety Disorders 467
Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder,
and Social Anxiety Disorder 467
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 469
EPILOGUE ??Prefrontal Lobotomy 474
Key Concepts 474
Suggested Readings 475
Additional Resources 475
Chapter 16 Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders 476
PROLOGUE ??A Sudden Craving 477
Autistic Disorder 477
Description 477
Possible Causes 478
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 481
Description 481
Possible Causes 482
Stress Disorders 483
Physiology of the Stress Response 483
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress 485
Effects of Stress on the Brain 485
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 487
Stress and Infectious Diseases 488
Substance Abuse Disorders 490
What Is Addiction? 490
Commonly Abused Drugs 496
Heredity and Drug Abuse 503
Therapy for Drug Abuse 504
EPILOGUE ??Classically Conditioned Craving 508
Key Concepts 509
Suggested Readings 509
Additional Resources 510
References 511
Name Index 537
Subject Index
