Preface
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
1 THE REQUIREMENT TO PROVIDE SPECIMENS
1. The Arrest
R v Fox, Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent; Gull v Scarborough; Hartland v Alden; DPP v Kay (John); DPP v Porter (Paul Nicholas); DPP v Robertson (Steven Gary); DPP v Wilson; R (CPS) v Wolverhampton Magistrates' Court; Kohler v DPP
2. Random Stopping of Vehicles
Chief Constable of Gwent v Dash; DPP v Minton
3. Reasonable Suspicion and Reasonable Belief
Johnson v Whitehouse; Blake v Pope; DPP v Redling; DPP v McGladrigan; Whelehan v DPP; Grant v DPP
4. Trespass
Morris v Beardmore; Clarke v DPP
5. In the Course of an Investigation
Graham v Albert; Pearson v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis; Hawes v DPP; R v South Norfolk JJ ex p Keymer; DPP v Earnshaw (Neil Graham)
6. Medical Reasons why Breath Specimens cannot be Provided or should not be Required
Horrocks v Binns; White & Gaskell v Proudlock; Dempsey v Catton; Davis (Paul) v DPP; Davies (Gordon Edward) v DPP; Webb v DPP; Young (Paula) v DPP; Francis v DPP; Steadman v DPP; Bodhaniya v CPS
7. Breath Analysis Device Unreliable, Unavailable, or not Practicable to Use
Cotter v Kamil; Slender v Boothby; Morgan v Lee; Waite v Smith; Dye v Manns; Thompson v Thynne; Oxford v Baxendale; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Kelliher; Chief Constable of Kent v Berry; Haghigat-Khou v Chambers; Stokes v Sayers; Tobi v Nicholas; Badkin v DPP; Denny v DPP; Dixon v Yardley; Wootton v DPP; Rathbone v DPP; Jarvis v DPP; Hague v DPP; Evans (Cyril) v DPP; Slasor v DPP; Bobin v DPP; Kneale v DPP; Kelsey v DPP
8. Device Having Produced Unreliable Indication
DPP v Smith (Robert James); Hussain v DPP; McNeil v DPP; Taylor v DPP; DPP v Vince; Kang v DPP
9. Driver's Condition Due to Some Drug
Cole v DPP; Bell v DPP; Angel v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire; Watling v Chief Constable of Suffolk Constabulary and G4S Health Service (UK) Ltd; Twigg v R
10. The Procedure
DPP v Carey; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Singh; Murray v DPP; DPP v Warren; DPP v Garrett; DPP v Palmer (Carlton Lloyd); DPP v Ward (Andrew Stuart); DPP v Jackson; Stanley v DPP; Maudling v DPP; Clayton v DPP; Burke v DPP; Cawley (Stephen) v DPP; Beatrice v DPP; DPP v Coulter; R v Bryan; R (Cox) v DPP; Bielecki v DPP
11. Medical Reasons why a Blood Specimen cannot or should not be Taken
Grix v Chief Constable of Kent; Wade v DPP; DPP v Wythe; DPP v Gibbons (Stuart Michael); Kinsella v DPP; Joseph v DPP
12. Hospital Patients
Askew v DPP; Whelan v DPP; R v Burton upon Trent JJ ex p Woolley; Webber v DPP; Butler (Michael Joseph) v DPP; Whitfield v DPP; Townson v DPP; DPP v Tandey
13. Repeat Requirements and Multiple Specimens
Blake v Bickmore; Sparrow v Bradley; Howard v Hallett; Owen v Morgan; Chief Constable of Avon & Somerset v Creech; Nugent v Ridley; Durdan v Chief Officer, Metropolitan Police; Morrison (Trevor) v DPP; Stewart (John Kimball) v DPP; Edmond v DPP
14. Urine Specimens
Wyllie v CPS; Barnes v Chief Constable of Durham; DPP v Taylor (Graham)
2 SPECIMENS FOR LABORATORY TESTING
1. Taking Specimens: Blood
Russell v Devine; Afolayan v CPS
2. Taking Specimens: Urine
Ross v Hodges; R v Coward; Prosser v Dickeson; Over v Musker; DPP v Baldwin (Alistair); Ryder v CPS
3. Dividing the Specimen and Supplying Part
Perry v McGovern; Dear v DPP; Butler v DPP; DPP v Elstob; DPP v Snook; Johnson (Antony Harold) v DPP; Mokhra v DPP; DPP v Higgins (Adam Scott); Campbell v DPP; Jones (Elaine) v CPS; O'Connell v DPP; Lidington v DPP; Blyth v CPS (Essex)
4. Analysis Techniques and Procedures
R v Coomaraswamy; Lomas v Bowler; Sophocleous v Ringer; Stephenson v Clift; Yhnell v DPP; R v Bolton Magistrates' Court ex p Scally and Other Cases; Gregory v DPP; Byrne (Simon David) v DPP; Dhaliwal v DPP; Carter v DPP; R v Bravender; R v Ward (Anderson Charles); R v Senior
5. The Analyst
Stevens v DPP; CPS v Sedgemoor Justices
6. The 6 mg Allowance
Walker v Hodgins; Oswald v DPP; DPP v Perkins; DPP v Welsh (Eric Thomas)
7. Back-Calculations
Gumbley v Cunningham; Benham v DPP; R v Hodnitt
8. Certificates
Anderton v Kinnard; Penman v Parker; Hawkins v DPP; Ramsey (Jennifer) v DPP; Louis v DPP; Whyte v DPP; Wooldridge v DPP; Jeffreys v Director of Public Prosecutions; DPP v Stephens; Brett v DPP; Clarke v CPS
9. The Provenance of the Specimen
Tremlett v Fawcett; Gregson v DPP; McGinty v DPP; Rawal (Sushil) v DPP; Mills v DPP
3 FAILING WITHOUT REASONABLE EXCUSE TO COOPERATE OR TO PROVIDE SPECIMENS
1. The Meaning of "Failing"
Smith v Hand; Campbell v DPP; DPP v Shuker; Smyth v DPP; Hingley-Smith v DPP; DPP v Lawrence (Scott James); May v DPP; DPP v Swan; Plackett v DPP
2. The Sufficiency of the Specimen
Teape v Godfrey; Anderton v Waring; DPP v Heywood; Chand v DPP; DPP v Chand; DPP v Darwen; Rweikiza v DPP
3. Single Specimen Provided
Stepniewski v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis; Oldfield v Anderton; Sykes v DPP; DPP v Byrne (David Stephen); DPP v Thomas (Elwyn Kenneth); DPP v Radford
4. Time for Providing Specimen
Cosgrove v DPP; Walters (Julian) v DPP; Oberoi (Yash) v DPP; Robertson (Eric) v DPP
5. Whether Requirement Made under Section 6 or Section 7
DPP v Karamouzis
6. Causing Death by Careless Driving Having Failed to Provide
R v Coe (Christopher Steven)
4 REASONABLE EXCUSE
1. The Burden of Proof
Neale v DPP; DPP v Crofton; McKeon v DPP; Piggott v DPP; R (Cuns) v Hammersmith Magistrates' Court
2. Conditional Agreement
DPP v Billington; Chappell v DPP; DPP v Rumble; Corywright v East; DPP v Whalley; DPP v Kirk; DPP v Smith (Alan Robert)
3. Medical Reasons
R v Lennard; R v Harding; Woolman v Lenton; DPP v Boden; DPP v Judge; DPP v Daley; DPP v Curtis; DPP v Szarzynski; DPP v Hammond; DPP v Furby; Falzarano v DPP; DPP v Lonsdale; McMahon v CPS; Martiner v DPP; DPP v Mukandiwa; Pattison v DPP; Oladimeji v DPP; Longstaff v DPP; Atkinson v DPP
4. "Trying Hard"
Grady v Pollard; DPP v Eddowes; DPP v Ambrose
5. Other Reasonable Excuse Arguments
R v John; Beck v Sager; McGrath v Vipas; Dawes v Taylor; Spalding v Paine; Foster v Bentley; Kemp v Chief Constable of Kent; DPP v Fountain; Smith (Nicholas Paul) v DPP; Dickinson v DPP; DPP v Beech; DPP v Pearman; De Freitas v DPP; DPP v Brodzky; DPP v Coyle; DPP v Meller; DPP v Grundy; DPP v Camp
5 CHALLENGING THE BREATH TESTING AND BREATH ANALYSIS DEVICES
1. Type Approval
Bentley v Northumbria Police; Hayward v Eames; Kirkpatrick v Harrigan; Chief Constable of Northumbria v Browne; Young v Flint; Richardson v DPP; Kemsley v DPP; Skinner v DPP; Breckon v DPP; Rose v DPP; Coxon v Manchester City Magistrates' Court
2. The Amount Said to Have Been Consumed
Cracknell v Willis; DPP v Hill; Lafferty v DPP; DPP v Spurrier; Williams (John Robert) v DPP; Santos v Stratford Magistrates Court; CPS v Cipriani; R (Hassani) v West London Magistrates' Court
3. Calibration
R v Kingston upon Thames JJ ex p Khanna; R v Ealing JJ ex p Wheeler; Mayon v DPP; DPP v Parkin; DPP v Deveney; Prince v CPS; DPP v Schon; Dunwoodie v DPP; Derham v DPP; Melia v DPP; Gibson v DPP; Mercer v DPP; Haggis v DPP
4. The Date and Time
Fawcett v Gasparics; Parker v DPP; DPP v McKeown, DPP v Jones (Christopher); DPP v Bateson
5. Mobile Telephones and Radios
Scheiner v DPP
6. Mouth Alcohol
DPP v Browne; DPP v Teixeira; O'Sullivan v DPP
7. Positive Breath Analysis followed by Negative Screening Test
Snelson v Thompson; Parish v CPS
8. The Printout
Burditt v Roberts; Reid (Sheena) v DPP; DPP v Barber (David Anthony)
9. The Burden of Proof
O'Sullivan (Sarah) v DPP; Ali v DPP
6 THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PROPORTION OF ALCOHOLOR A DRUG AT THE TIME OF THE OFFENCE WAS NOT LESS THAN IN THE SPECIMEN
1. The Statutory Assumption
Beauchamp-Thompson v DPP; DPP v Williams; Millard v DPP; Parker (Lee Christopher) v DPP; Griffiths (Richard Stephen) v DPP
2. Consuming Alcohol after Ceasing to Drive
Thynne v Hindle; R v Newcastle upon Tyne JJ ex p Hindle; Dawson v Lunn; Lloyd v Knight; Rynsard v Spalding; Oxford v Fairhurst; DPP v Singh; DPP v Lowden; R v Wells Street JJ ex p Hobbs; DPP v Sangha; DPP v Ward (Kevin William); R v Drummond; Lonergan v DPP; DPP v Chambers; DPP v Ellery; DPP v Tooze; DPP v Bolton; DPP v Dukolli; Goldsmith v DPP; DPP v Ridings
7 EVIDENCE
1. The Printout
Gaimster v Marlow; Chief Constable of Surrey v Wickens; Walton v Rimmer; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates' Court ex p DPP; Hasler v DPP; Leeson v Haringey JJ and DPP; McCormack v DPP; Jubb v DPP; Hawke v DPP; R (Olajide) v Stratford Magistrates' Court
2. Admissibility of a Reading from a Preliminary Breath Test
Smith (Stephen John Henry) v DPP
3. The Record of the Procedure
R v Pydar JJ ex p Foster; Williams v DPP
4. The Discretion to Admit or Exclude Evidence: Unfairness
DPP v Godwin; Hudson v DPP; Daniels v DPP; Brown (Kevin Mark) v DPP; Worsley v DPP; DPP v MacPhail; Prouse v DPP; Ortega v DPP; Porceddu v DPP; Harper v DPP; Davis (Karl) v DPP; DPP v Davies; R (DPP) v Evans (Brychan Gethin John); DPP v Preston; Watson v DPP; DPP v Kennedy; R (Forde) v DPP; DPP v Carless; R (Marsh (Ian)) v DPP; Charles v DPP; Moore v Preston Crown Court; Stanesby v DPP; R v Ashworth; Miller v DPP
5. Legal Advice
Campbell v DPP; Kennedy v CPS; Myles v DPP; Kirkup v DPP; Whitley v DPP; CPS v Rice; Causey v DPP; Gearing v DPP; Cowper v DPP; CPS v Chalupa; Ambrose v Harris; HM Advocate v M; HM Advocate v G; Thomas (William Morgan) v DPP
6. Hearsay
Watson v DPP
7. Bad Faith
Matto v Wolverhampton Crown Court; Thomas (Frank George) v DPP; DPP v Wilson; Ogden v DPP; Sharpe v DPP; R v Dolgellau JJ ex p Cartledge; R v Penrith JJ ex p Marks; Braham v DPP; DPP v Corthine
8. Oral Evidence
Culleton v Palmer; Owen v Chesters; Chief Constable of Kent v Ellis; Mace v Dean; Will v DPP; Thom v DPP; Greenaway v DPP; Van Flute v DPP; Perkins v DPP; Leong v DPP; Cummings v CPS; DPP v Sugden
9. Evidence of Unfitness to Drive
Leetham v DPP; Hurst v DPP; Willicott v DPP; R v Irvine; R v Mohamed (Ahmed)
10. Evidence of Careless Driving
R v Millington
11. Witness Summonses and Disclosure
R v Coventry Magistrates' Court ex p Perks; R v Skegness Magistrates' Court ex p Cardy; R v Manchester Crown Court ex p Williams; R v Teesside JJ ex p Payne; R v Kingston-upon-Hull JJ ex p Walton; R v Pirehill North JJ ex p Stoddard; R v Tower Bridge Magistrates' Court ex p DPP; Fearnley v DPP; DPP v Wood; DPP v McGillicuddy; R (Cunliffe) v West London Magistrates' Court; R (Cunliffe) v Ealing Magistrates' Court;
R (Cunliffe) v Hastings Magistrates' Court; Rothon v DPP
12. Late Evidence
Writtle v DPP
8 DEFINITIONS
1. Attempting to Drive
R v Farrance; Kelly v Hogan; Mason v DPP; Moore v DPP
2. Breath
Zafar v DPP; Woolfe v DPP
3. Consuming
DPP v Johnson (David)
4. Conviction
DPP v Haddigan
5. Driving
R v MacDonagh; Rowan v Chief Constable of the Merseyside Police; McKoen v Ellis; Gunnell v DPP; DPP v Alderton
6. Drug
Bradford v Wilson; R v Ealing Magistrates' Court ex p Woodman; R v Norman
7. In Charge
DPP v Webb; DPP v Watkins; DPP v Janman; CPS v Bate
8. Interview
CPS v O'Shea; DPP v Rous and Davis; R (Ridehalgh) v DPP; Sneyd v DPP
9. Motor Vehicle
Croitoru v CPS
10. Public Place
Bowman v DPP; DPP v Vivier; DPP v Coulman; Edwards v DPP; R v Colchester JJ ex p Wood; Robinson v DPP; Taussik v DPP; Planton v DPP; DPP v Lloyd (David Michael); R (Lewis) v DPP; Cowan v DPP; Scott Richardson v DPP
11. Road
Lang v Hindhaugh; Brewer v DPP; R (Dunmill) v DPP; Hallett v DPP; Avery v DPP
9 DEFENCES
1. Autrefois Acquit
Broadbent v High; DPP v Porthouse; R v Truro & South Powder JJ ex p McCullagh; Williams (Alan Davies) v DPP
2. Consuming Alcohol after Ceasing to Drive
3. Duress/Necessity
DPP v Jones (Jeremy); DPP v Bell (Derek); DPP v Davis; DPP v Pittaway; DPP v Rogers; DPP v Tomkinson; DPP v Hicks; DPP v Mullally; CPS v Brown (Christopher); Stevens v DPP
4. Insanity
R v Birmingham JJ ex p Jacobs; DPP v Harper; R v Norman
5. No Likelihood of Driving
DPP v Frost; Drake v DPP; Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General's Reference (No 4 of 2002); CPS v Thompson
10 SPECIAL REASONS
1. The Meaning of "Special"
Whittall v Kirby; Chatters v Burke
2. Emergencies
Taylor v Rajan; Fraser v Barton; Thompson v Diamond; Williams v Tierney; DPP v Waller; DPP v Sendell;
DPP v Feeney; DPP v Knight; DPP v Doyle; DPP v Upchurch; DPP v Bird; DPP v Enston; DPP v Whittle; DPP v Cox; DPP v Bristow; DPP v Tucker; DPP v Goddard; DPP v Ellis; DPP v Ubhi; R (Khan) v DPP; DPP v Heathcote; Key v CPS
3. Laced Drinks
Pugsley v Hunter; Pridige v Gant; Smith v Geraghty; James v Morgan; DPP v Younas; Smith (Ian Philip) v DPP; R v Cambridge Magistrates' Court ex p Wong; DPP v O'Connor and Other Cases; Woodward (Mark de Maine) v DPP; DPP v Vincent; DPP v Winfield-Grant; Robinson v DPP; DPP v Sharma
4. The Distance Driven and the Degree of Danger
Redmond v Parry; DPP v Thomas (Graham Derek); DPP v Corcoran (Joseph Patrick); DPP v Williams (Shane); Costello v DPP; DPP v Craddock; DPP v Elsender; CPS v Humphries; DPP v Conroy; DPP v Oram; DPP v Harrison; DPP v Cove
5. Unaware of Being over the Limit
DPP v O'Meara; DPP v White; Bryant v DPP; DPP v Jowle; DPP v Anderson (Marilyn); DPP v Wynne
6. Personal Circumstances
Bullen v Keay; DPP v Hyland; DPP v Crawford; DPP v Phillips (Richard Charles)
7. Medical Condition
R v Wickins; R v Jackson; R v Hart; DPP v Williams (Rhys Aubrey)
8. Other Arguments
Lodwick v Brow; Vaughan v Dunn; Bolliston v Gibbons; McCormick v Hitchins; Jane v DPP; DPP v Kinnersley; DPP v Daley (No 2); DPP v Murray (David John); Ng v DPP
9. Exercising the Discretion not to Disqualify/Endorse
R v Ashford and Tenterden Magistrates' Court ex p Wood; Mayhew v DPP; DPP v Barker; Donahue v DPP; Lane v DPP; Dixon-Watmough v Preston Justices; R v St Alban's Crown Court ex p O'Donovan
11 OTHER ISSUES
1. Adjournments
Walden v Highbury Corner Magistrates' Court; Stern v Highbury Corner Magistrates' Court; Essen v DPP; Filmer v DPP; Williams v DPP; Visvaratnam v Brent Magistrates' Court; Balogun v DPP; Cherpion v DPP; DPP v Petrie; R (Jenkins) v Hammersmith Magistrates Court; DPP v Woods; Decani v City of London Magistrates' Court and CPS; Bourne v Scarborough Magistrates' Court; R (Gatenby) v Newton Ayecliffe (sic) Magistrates' Court; R (DPP) v Sunderland Magistrates Court and Hanson; R (Kharaghan) v City of London Magistrates and CPS; R (Parashar) v Sunderland Magistrates' Court and CPS; Saunders v Bristol Magistrates' Court and CPS
2. The Case Stated
R v City of London JJ ex p Ocansey; R v Warrington JJ ex p Worsley; R v Cheshire JJ ex p Henshaw;
R v Fylde and Wyre JJ ex p Gornall; R (DPP) v Chorley Magistrates' Court; DPP v Vince; Kang v DPP
3. Judicial Review
R (Clarke) v Ipswich Crown Court; R (Hi) v Willesden Magistrates' Court and CPS; DPP (Blakeley) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates' Court; DPP (Whyte) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates' Court;
R (Usman) v Reading Magistrates' Court; R v Wilson, Walmsley, York & Senior; DPP (Bhusal) v Walsall Magistrates' Court; DPP (Thaiss) v Lincoln Magistrates' Court
4. Charges
Thomson v Knights; Jones v Thomas (John Barrie); DPP v Gane; R v Chichester Magistrates' Court ex p DPP; Butterworth v DPP; R v Bolton JJ ex p Khan (Zafer Alli); DPP (R) v Short; R v Phipps; Crann v CPS
5. Costs
Ho-Shing v CPS
6. Disqualification from Driving
George v DPP; R v Loughborough JJ ex p Smith (Steven); Shaw v DPP and Other Cases; Crampsie v DPP; R (Cawley) v Warrington Crown Court
7. Equivocal Plea
Ankrah v DPP
8. Proof of Driving
Patterson v Charlton; DPP v Williams (Charles Anthony); Brown v Stott (Procurator Fiscal, Dunfermline) and Another; Huntley v DPP; Jones (Vivian Mary) v DPP; Premananthan v CPS
9. Legal Aid
R v Richmond Magistrates' Court ex p Gawel; R v Gravesham Magistrates' Court ex p Baker; R v Slough Magistrates' Court ex p Noble; R v Cheshire JJ ex p Rolt; R (Matara) v Brent Magistrates' Court; R v Dean Thomas
10. The Magistrates
Owen v Jones; R v Downham Market Magistrates' Court ex p Nudd; DPP v Quinn; R v Highbury Corner Magistrates' Court ex p Tann; Huchard v DPP; R v Newcastle upon Tyne Magistrates' Court ex p Currie; R v Chelmsford Magistrates' Court ex p Hammond
11. Re-opening the Case
MacDonald v Skelt; R v Aylesbury Crown Court ex p Lait; Jolly (Christopher) v DPP; R v Cook ex p DPP; Steward v DPP; Khatibi v DPP; Malcolm v DPP
12. Reckless Driving
Hand v DPP
13. Stay of Proceedings and Abuse of Process
R v Bishop's Stortford JJ ex p DPP; DPP v Edgar; DPP v Garrety; R (Bozkurt) v Thames Magistrates' Court; R v Boyd; Hoar-Stevens v Richmond Magistrates' Court; Christopher Boucher, Interested Party; DPP v Meakin; Ivic v DPP; Murphy (Gerard) v DPP; Roberts v DPP; Morris v DPP; DPP v Spalluto
14. Verdicts
Macphail v DPP; DPP v Chajed; R v Roberts (Samantha Ann)
15. Perverting the Course of Justice by Avoiding Detection
R v Clark (Mark)
APPENDICES
Road Traffic Act 1988, sections 3A to 11
Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988, sections 15, 16, 34, 35
Index
