Acknowledgements and Dedication xiii
Introduction xv
Chapter 1
The World¿s Abortion Laws 1
- Introduction 1
- Recognition of Unequal Barriers to Access 2
- The United Nations and Abortion 4
- Northern Europe 5
- Southern Europe 12
- Western Europe 16
- Eastern Europe 19
- Western Asia 25
- South-Central Asia 32
- Eastern Asia 37
- Southeast Asia 40
- Southern Africa 43
- Northern Africa 47
- Oceania 52
- Central America 60
- South America 66
- Conclusion 74
Chapter 2
Abortion Law in the United States 77
- Introduction 77
- Abortion Pre-Roe 78
- Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton: 1973 80
- Evolution of Supreme Court Law from Roe to Whole Woman¿s
Health: The March to the ¿Undue Burden¿ Standard for Review 82
Planned Parenthood v. Casey 84
- Whole Woman¿s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S. Ct. 2292 (2016) 87
- The ¿Partial Birth¿ Cases 88
- Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000) 89
- Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007) 90
- Current Approaches to Anti-Abortion Legislation 92
- Who Pays for an Abortion? 93
- Why the Violent Reaction? 94
- Other Supreme Court Activity 95
- What Do We Know about Abortion? 96
- State Activities 97
- Where Do These State Laws Come From? 99
- What Are Some Current Controversies and Litigation? 100
- Federal Activity 100
- State Activity 100
- State TRAP Laws in the Courts 108
- Recent State Activity and Status:
Data from the Guttmacher Institute 109
- Some Specific State Information 109
Criminal Prosecution of Pregnant Women 111
- How to Reduce Abortions 113
- Conscience Clause Legislation 114
- The Future 115
- Conclusion 118
Chapter 3
Abortion Law in Canada 121
- The History of Abortion in Canada before 1968 122
- The 1968 Amendments to the Criminal Code 124
- The Morgentaler Cases 127
- Morgentaler (1975) 129
- Morgentaler (1988) 134
- The Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada 138
- The Aftermath of Morgentaler 147
- Political Activity Surrounding Abortion 147
- Access to Abortion 149
- The Legal Status of the Unborn 155
Conclusion 166
Appendix A-I
Sections of the Criminal Code of Canada Relating to Abortion
as They Existed up to January 1988 168
Appendix A-II
Bill C-43, An Act Respecting Abortion (2nd Session, 34th
Parliament 38 Elizabeth 11, 1989) 171
Chapter 4
Amicus Curiae Brief in Whole Woman¿s Health 173
Interest of Amici 173
Summary of Argument 174
Argument 175
- Meaningful, Safe, and Legal Access to Abortion Is
a Fundamental, Constitutionally Protected Right 175
- Amici ¿s Reflections on the Effects of Their
Abortions on Their Careers and Lives 177
Conclusion 189
Chapter 5
Politics, Religion, and Abortion in the United States 191
Chapter 6
Women¿s Knowledge of Abortifacients
from Antiquity to the Present 207
- Meaning of Pregnancy in Antiquity and Medieval Periods 209
- The Hippocratic Oath on Abortion 211
- Summary of Ancient and Medieval Views 213
- Some Abortifacient Herbs 213
- Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) 214
- Ecballium elaterium L. A. Rich 215
- Silphium (Ferula antiqua) 216
- Birthwort (Aristolochia spp.) 217
- Juniper (also known in England as savin) (Juniperus
communis L.) 218
- Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) 219
- Other Birth Control Plants 221
Roman Empire 222
- From the Middle Ages to 1900 222
- Poisons and Witches 224
- Science and the Fetus 225
- Drug-Induced Abortion and the Law 226
- The Birth of St.
Germanus, Bishop of Paris (Germain d¿Autun) 228
Chapter 7
A Future from the Past: Self-Managed Abortion
with Ancient Care and Modern Medicines 231
- What Is Self-Managed Abortion? 232
- Defining Self-Managed Abortion 232
- What Are Abortion Pills? 248
- The Legal Landscape of Self-Managed Abortion 254
- Background: A Brief History of Criminalizing Abortion
in the United States 254
- Contemporary Criminalization of SMA 259
SMA during the Pandemic and Beyond 269
- Pre-Pandemic Success Stories: A Multi-Pronged Approach 269
- Pandemic-era Success Stories 274
- SMA in a Post-Pandemic (and Possibly Post-Roe) America 278
Conclusion 280
Chapter 8
Rebecca Gomperts: Providing Abortion Care
to Women Around the World 283
Chapter 9
What Lawyers Need to Know about the
Reproductive Justice Framework 309
- Introduction 309
- The Reproductive Justice Framework Responded
to the Inadequacy of the Reproductive Rights Framework
in Addressing Reproductive Oppression 310
- Defining ¿Reproductive Oppression¿ 311
- The Reproductive Rights Movement in the U.S. Was Focused Primarily on Legal Access to Abortion and Contraception and Did Not Address the Unique
Concerns of Women of Color 312
- Reproductive Rights Are Grounded in the Right to Privacy, Which Fails to Guarantee Everyone the
Ability to Make Meaningful Reproductive Choices 317
- Reproductive Justice: Applying Human Rights Principles
to Actualize Reproductive Rights and Health 318
- Reproductive Justice Considers How Access to Other
Social Rights Impacts Reproductive Decision Making 319
- Reproductive Justice Promotes Positive Rights; the Affirmative Duty of the State to Help Individuals
Actualize Rights 320
- What Reproductive Justice Looks Like in Practice: Acting
Locally, Thinking Intersectionally 321
- RJ Every Day: Identifying and Addressing Structural
Inequality and Barriers to Reproductive Choices 321
- Thinking Intersectionally and Practicing Anti-Racism 322
Conclusion 323
Chapter 10
Modern Day Inquisitions 325
- Introduction 325
- Taking Stock 327
- Gender Identities 328
- Freedom from Violence 329
- Reproductive Dignity and Equality 331
- Lessons Learned 335
- Redefining Religious Space 335
- Technology as Transformation 338
- The Constitutive Role of the Law 341
- Challenges Ahead 342
- Protection of Life Provisions 343
- Health Disparities 349
- Networks 353
Chapter 11
Harmful Anti-Sex-Selective Abortion Laws Are Sweeping U.S. State Legislatures: Why Do
Some Pro-Choice People Support Them? 357
- The Genesis and Justifications for Sex-Selective Abortion Bans 359
- The Bans Impact Every Woman¿s Right to Choose 361
- Some Pro-Choice Legislators Support the Harmful Abortion Restrictions 362
- Misinterpretations of Demographic Data about Asian
Americans 364
- Stereotypes about Asians and Asian Americans 369
- Beyond ¿Son Preference¿ 371
- Sex-Selective Abortion Statutes and the U.S. Supreme Court 375
- Conclusion 381
Chapter 12
How Sentience Should Mediate the Right to Abortion 383
- Why the Method of Abortion Doesn¿t Matter 384
- Why the Reason for the Abortion Doesn¿t Matter 387
- Sentience 391
- The Law Post-Sentience 392
- The Other Side 394
- Coda: Implications for Animal Rights 395
Chapter 13
Conscientious Commitment to Women¿s Health 399
- Introduction 399
- Historical Conscientious Commitment 400
- Modern Conscientious Commitment 403
- Conclusion 409
Chapter 14
The Bad Mother: Stigma, Abortion and Surrogacy 411
Introduction 411
- Good Mother/Bad Mother 412
- Stigma and Stereotyping 415
- Surrogacy and Stigma 417
- Abortion and Stigma 422
- Gender Stereotypes in the Regulation of Abortion and
Surrogacy 426
- Distrust of Judgment 427
- Expectation of Regret 428
- Protection of Women 429
Stigma and the Court 430
- Stigma and Laws Regulating Abortion and Surrogacy 433
- Conclusion 434
Acknowledgements 435
Chapter 15
The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade 437
Chapter 16
Finding Abortion Rights in the Constitution 471
- Was Roe Rightly Decided? 473
- The ¿Judicial Restraint¿ Objection 473
- ¿Legislators and Not Judges Should Decide¿ 474
- ¿The Right to Privacy Is Not in the Constitution¿s Text¿ 476
- The Meaning of the Liberty Clause 477
- ¿Incorporation¿ of the Bill of Rights 481
- The Question of ¿Unenumerated¿ Rights 483
- Deciding Which Rights Are Specially Protected 485
- A ¿Right of Privacy¿? 487
- Does the Presence of a Fetus Automatically Negate
the ¿Private¿ Character of the Abortion Decision? 491
- At How Specific a Level Must ¿Rights¿ Be Defined? 495
- Privacy: Who Decides Whether to Terminate a Pregnancy? 497
- Equality: Abortion Rights and Sex Discrimination 501
- The ¿Original Understanding¿ of the Framers 502
- Judicial Legislation? 505
- What¿s at Stake? 507
Chapter 17
The Genesis of Liberalized Abortion in New York:
A Personal Insight 511
Chapter 18
The Medical and Research Uses of Human Fetal Tissues 519
- Research and Transplantation Involving Human Fetal Tissue 519
- Clinical Experience with Fetal Tissue Transplantation 520
- Fetal Transplants to Replace the Thymus 520
- Transplantation of Fetal Pancreatic Tissue 521
- Transplantation of Fetal Neural Tissue 522
- Special Properties, Advantages and Alternatives to the Use
of Fetal Tissue 523
- Other Research Involving the Fetus 523
- Social and Political Issues in Fetal Tissue Research 524
- Filling a Moral Vacuum 525
- The Future 525
- Editors¿ Note and Update 525
Chapter 19
D&E Abortion Bans: The Implications of Banning
the Most Common Second-Trimester Procedure 531
Chapter 20
Late Abortion: Clinical and Ethical Issues 537
- Methods of Performing Late Abortion 541
- Fetal Abnormality or Genetic Disorder 543
- Zika 545
- Abortion Denied 547
- Ethical Issues in Late Abortion 549
- Limited Availability of Late Abortion Services 551
- Conclusion 554
About the Editors 557
Appendix A. An Overview of State Abortion Laws 559
Appendix B. Opinion of Justice Blackmun for the Court
in Roe v. Wade (1973) 567
Appendix C. Opinion of Justice Blackmun for the Court
in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 599
Appendix D. Concurring Opinion of Justice Douglas
in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 617
Appendix E. Concurring Opinion of Chief Justice Burger
in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 627
Appendix F. Concurring Opinion of Justice Stewart
in Roe v. Wade (1973) 629
Appendix G. Dissenting Opinion of Justice White
in Doe v. Bolton (1973) 633
Appendix H. Dissenting Opinion of Justice Rehnquist
in Roe v. Wade (1973) 635
Appendix I. Opinion of Justice O¿Connor
in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 641
Appendix J. Opinion of Justice Blackmun
in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 675
Appendix K. Dissenting Opinion of Chief Justice Rehnquist
in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) 681
Appendix L. Opinion of Justice Breyer for the Court
in Whole Woman¿s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) 693
Appendix M. Concurring Opinion of Chief Justice Roberts
in June Medical Services LLC v. Russo (2020) 711
Appendix N. Opinion of Justice Bertha Wilson
in Morgentaler v. The Queen (1998) 723
Appendix O. Amicus Curiae Brief of Americans United
for Life Filed in June Medical Services LLC v. Russo (2020) 743
Appendix P. CDC Abortion Surveillance 759
Appendix Q. Excerpts from CDC Guidance for the Prenatal Diagnosis of Zika Infection and the Management of Infants
with Zika 805
