Prototyping

I Software Development and Prototyping.- 1 What is Prototyping?.- 1.1 Prototyping as an Approach to System Development.- 1.2 The Term "Prototype".- 1.3 Rapid Prototyping.- 1.4 Summary.- 2 Basic Elements of System Development.- 2.1 Informal Nets as a Means of Representation.- 2.2 Construction and Evaluation.- 2.3 Software Development Concepts.- 2.4 Examples of Software Development Concepts.- 3 Traditional Life Cycle Plans.- 3.1 Life Cycle Models and Life Cycle Plans.- 3.2 Life Cycle Plans in Current Practice.- 3.3 The Origin of Life Cycle Plans.- 3.4 Problems Associated with Traditional Life Cycle Plans.- 3.5 Where Do Life Cycle Plans Work?.- 4 Prototyping.- 4.1 Different Aspects of Prototyping.- 4.1.1 The Prototype in the Software Development Process.- 4.2 Goals of Prototyping.- 4.3 Horizontal and Vertical Prototyping.- 4.4 The Relationship between Prototype and Application System.- 4.5 Examples of Prototyping.- 4.5.1 An Order Processing System.- 4.5.2 An Office System for Planning Departments.- 4.5.3 Software Tools for Graphic Workers.- 4.5.4 Assessment of the Three Examples.- 5 Evolutionary System Development.- 5.1 Evolutionary System Development.- 5.2 Evolutionary System Development in Practice.- 5.2.1 The ?-ß Test Procedure.- 5.2.2 Versioning.- 5.3 Problems Connected with System Development.- 5.3.1 Other Ways of Tackling the Problem.- 5.3.2 Evolutionary System Development is Necessary.- 5.3.3 Evolutionary System Development is Possible.- 5.3.4 Restoring Instead of Demolishing.- 6 Evolutionary Process Models.- 6.1 Technical Implementation of Software Versions.- 6.1.1 Object-Oriented Design.- 6.1.2 The Client-Supplier Model.- 6.1.3 The Separation of Interaction and Functionality.- 6.1.4 The Model-View-Controller Paradigm.- 6.2 Our Assessment.- II Technical Support of Prototyping.- 7 The Tool Landscape.- 7.1 Screen Generators.- 7.2 Database-Oriented Development Systems.- 7.3 Very High Level Languages.- 7.4 Programming Environments.- 7.5 Tools and Prototype Development.- 8 Screen Generators.- 8.1 Screen Generators and Prototyping.- 8.2 Tool Components of Screen Generators.- 8.2.1 Requirements and Characteristics of Screen Generators.- 8.2.2 Tool Components for Building Simple Prototypes.- 8.2.3 Tool Components for Building Complex Prototypes.- 8.2.4 Prototypes and Target Systems.- 8.3 Our Assessment.- 9 Database-Oriented Development Systems.- 9.1 Concept and Features.- 9.1.1 The Conceptual World of Database Systems.- 9.1.2 The Levels of Description in Database Systems.- 9.1.3 The Modelling Concepts of Database Systems.- 9.1.4 Language Constructs of Database Systems.- 9.1.5 Data Integrity in Database Systems.- 9.1.6 Developing Database Applications.- 9.2 Components of Database-Oriented Development Systems.- 9.2.1 Example of a Conceptual Schema.- 9.2.2 Integration of the System Components.- 9.2.3 Components for Constructing Vertical Prototypes.- 9.2.4 Components for Constructing Simple Prototypes.- 9.2.5 Screen Design With Screen Generators.- 9.2.6 Dialog Design With Menu Generators.- 9.2.7 Components for Constructing Complex Prototypes.- 9.2.8 Language Constructs for Flow of Control.- 9.2.9 Language Constructs for Formulating Procedures and Transactions.- 9.3 Our Assessment.- 9.3.1 Use and Handling.- 9.3.2 Programming in the Small and in the Large.- 9.3.3 Suitability for Further Use and Target Systems.- 9.3.4 Development Strategies and Approaches.- 9.3.5 Outlook.- 10 Very High Level Languages.- 10.1 Concept and Features.- 10.2 Benefits and Limitations.- 10.3 The Main Groups.- 10.3.1 Logical Languages.- 10.3.2 Functional Languages.- 10.3.3 Algebraic Languages.- 10.3.4 Miscellaneous Languages.- 10.4 Are Object-Oriented Languages VHLLs?.- 10.5 Application Areas.- 10.5.1 Extended Compilation.- 10.5.2 Metaprogramming.- 10.5.3 Program Synthesis.- 10.5.4 Derivation.- 10.5.5 Summary.- 10.6 Selecting a Very High Level Language.- 11 Programming Environments.- 11.1 Prototyping and Programming Environments.- 11.2 Languages in a Programming Environment.- 11.3 The Requirements For These Languages.- 11.4 Building Prototypes.- 11.5 An Example of a Programming Environment.- 11.6 Took in a Programming Environment.- 11.7 Our Assessment.- 12 Prototyping in Practice.- 12.1 Prototyping and Conventional Development Models.- 12.1.1 Specification of Requirements.- 12.1.2 Requirements Analysis and Project Acquisition.- 12.1.3 Our Assessment.- 12.2 Prototyping and "Surface-Down" Development.- 12.2.1 Our Assessment.- 12.3 Prototyping and Evolutionary Strategies.- 12.3.1 Our Assessment.- 12.4 Prototyping and User Development.- 12.4.1 Our Assessment.- 12.5 Prototyping and Documentation.- 12.5.1 Our Assessment.- 13 The Groups Involved in Prototyping.- 13.1 The Developers.- 13.1.1 Opposition from the Developers.- 13.1.2 New Forms of Project Work.- 13.1.3 New Technical Environment.- 13.1.4 The Users.- 13.2 Management.- 13.2.1 The Break with Conventional Methods.- 13.2.2 New Forms of Project Organization.- 13.2.3 New Technical Infrastructure.- 13.2.4 New Contracts.- 13.2.5 New Forms of Personnel Management.- 14 Summary.- References.