Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Why This Book?
1.2 Geotechnical Engineering
1.3 The Past and the Future
1.4 Some Recent and Notable Projects
1.5 Failures May Occur
1.6 Our Work Is Buried
1.7 Geotechnical Engineering Can Be Fun
1.8 Units
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 2 Case histories
2.1 Washington Monument (shallow mat foundation)
2.1.1 The story
2.1.2 Geology and soil stratigraphy
2.1.3 Construction
2.1.4 Geometry and load
2.1.5 Soil properties
2.1.6 Bearing capacity
2.1.7 Settlement
2.2 Rissa Landslide (slope stability)
2.2.1 The story
2.2.2 The soil parameters
2.2.3 Slope stability back analysis
2.3 Seattle 46 m high MSE wall (retaining wall)
2.3.1 The story
2.3.2 The natural soil conditions
2.3.3 The fill and wall construction
2.3.4 The wall design
2.4 the New Orleans hospital foundation (deep foundation)
2.4.1 The story
2.4.2 The soil conditions
2.4.3 Foundation design and construction
2.4.4 Settlement analysis and measurements
2.5 The Eurotunnel linking France and England (tunneling)
2.5.1 The story
2.5.2 Rock stratigraphy
2.5.3 Tunnel design
2.5.4 Tunnel construction
2.6 The Teton Dam (earth dam erosion)
2.6.1 The story
2.6.2 The stratigraphy
2.6.3 The design of the earth dam
2.6.4 Filling of the dam
2.6.5 An explanation of the failure
2.7 The Woodrow Wilson Bridge (bridge scour)
2.7.1 The story
2.7.2 The soil stratigraphy
2.7.3 Scour depth calculations
2.7.4 Foundation and cost
2.8 San Jacinto Monument (shallow mat foundation)
2.8.1 The story
2.8.2 Geometry, weight, construction, and loading
2.8.3 Soil stratigraphy and parameters
2.8.4 Bearing capacity calculations
2.8.5 Settlement calculations
2.8.6 Subsidence in Houston and impact on settlement data
2.9 Pointe du Hoc cliffs (rock erosion)
2.9.1 The story
2.9.2 The rock stratigraphy and properties
2.9.3 The cliff erosion process
2.9.4 Proposed remediation to mitigate the erosion
2.10 The Pisa Tower (shallow foundation)
2.10.1 The story
2.10.2 Dimensions and soil stratigraphy
2.10.3 Bearing capacity, settlement and inclination
2.10.4 The 2001 repair
2.11 The Transcona Silo (shallow foundation)
2.11.1 The story
2.11.2 Dimensions and weight
2.11.3 Soil properties
2.11.4 Bearing capacity, settlement and failure
2.11.5 The up-righting of the silo
2.12 The St. John's River bridge abutment (slope stability)
2.12.1 The story
2.12.2 The bridge and right abutment
2.12.3 The soil conditions
2.12.4 The fill and the approach embankment construction
2.12.5 Water stress induced by embankment construction
2.12.6 Slope stability analysis
2.13 Foundation of Briaud's house (shrink swell soils)
2.13.1 The story
2.13.2 The soil conditions
2.13.3 The house foundation
2.13.4 The tennis court foundation
2.14 The Eiffel Tower (deep foundation)
2.14.1 The story
2.14.2 The soil stratigraphy
2.14.3 The foundation
2.15 St Isaac Cathedral (deep/shallow foundation)
2.15.1 The story
2.15.2 Construction, dimensions, and load
2.15.3 Soil data
2.15.4 Bearing capacity and settlement calculations
2.16 National Geotechnical Experimentation Sites at Texas A&M University
2.16.1 The story
2.16.2 Tieback wall at the sand site
2.16.3 Spread footing tests at the sand site
2.16.4 Grouted anchors under tensions load at the clay site
2.16.5 Drilled and grouted piles in cyclic tension at the clay site
2.17 The 827 m high Burj Khalifa tower foundation (deep foundation)
2.17.1 The story
2.17.2 The soil and rock conditions
2.17.3 The foundation dimensions, loading, and settlement
2.18 New Orleans levees and hurricane Katrina (overtopping erosion)
2.18.1 The story
2.18.2 The soils and the levees
2.18.3 Erosion of the overtopped levees
2.19 Three Gorges Dam (concrete dam)
2.19.1 The story
2.19.2 The dam dimensions and construction
2.19.3 Soil and rock conditions
2.19.4 Environmental impact
2.19.5 Simple calculations
2.20 The Kansai airport (earth fill in the sea)
2.20.1 The story
2.20.2 Dimensions
2.20.3 Construction
2.20.4 Soil conditions
2.20.5 Loading and settlement
2.20.6 Simple calculations
2.21 The Panama Canal (excavated slopes)
2.21.1 The story
2.21.2 Canal dimensions and cross section
2.21.3 The Gaillard/Culebra cut
2.21.4 Stratigraphy and soil properties at the Culebra excavated slopes
2.21.5 Stability of the Culebra excavated slopes
2.22 The Nice airport slope failure (slope stability)
2.22.1 The story
2.22.2 The sequence of events
2.22.3 The soil conditions
2.22.4 Failure explanation: scenario 1
2.22.5 Failure explanation: scenario 2 and alternative
CHAPTER 3 Engineering Geology
3.1 Definition
3.2 The Earth
3.3 Geologic Time
3.4 Rocks
3.5 Soils
3.6 Geologic Features
3.7 Geologic Maps
3.8 Groundwater
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 4 Soil Components and Weight-Volume Parameters
4.1 Particles, Liquid, and Gas
4.2 Particle Size, Shape, and Color
4.3 Composition of Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles
4.4 Composition of Clay and Silt Particles
4.5 Particle Behavior
4.6 Soil Structure
4.7 Three-Phase Diagram
4.8 Weight-Volume Parameters
4.9 Measurement of the Weight-Volume Parameters
4.10 Solving a Weight-Volume Problem
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 5 Soil Classification
5.1 Sieve Analysis
5.2 Hydrometer Analysis
5.3 Atterberg Limits and Other Limits
5.4 Classification Parameters
5.5 Engineering Significance of Classification Parameters and Plasticity Chart
5.6 Unified Soil Classification System
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 6 Rocks
6.1 Rock Groups and Identification
6.2 Rock Mass vs. Rock Substance
6.3 Rock Discontinuities
6.4 Rock Index Properties
6.5 Rock Engineering Properties
6.6 Rock Mass Rating
6.7 Rock Engineering Problems
6.8 Permafrost
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 7 Site Investigation, Drilling, and Sampling
7.1 General
7.2 Preliminary Site Investigation
7.3 Number and Depth of Borings and In Situ Tests
7.4 Drilling
7.4.1 Wet Rotary Drilling Method
7.4.2 Hollow Stem Auger Drilling Method
7.5 Sampling
7.5.1 Sample Disturbance
7.5.2 Common Sampling Methods
7.6 Groundwater Level
7.7 Field Identification and Boring Logs
7.8 Soil Names
7.9 Offshore Site Investigations
7.9.1 Offshore Geophysical Investigations
7.9.2 Offshore Geotechnical Drilling
7.9.3 Offshore Geotechnical Sampling
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 8 In Situ Tests
8.1 Standard Penetration Test
8.2 Cone Penetration Test
8.3 Pressuremeter Test
8.4 Dilatometer Test
8.5 Vane Shear Test
8.6 Borehole Shear Test
8.7 Plate Load Test
8.8 California Bearing Ratio Test
8.9 Pocket Penetrometer and Torvane Tests
8.10 Pocket Erodometer Test
8.11 Compaction Control Tests
8.11.1 Sand Cone Test
8.11.2 Rubber Balloon Test
8.11.3 Nuclear Density/Water Content Test
8.11.4 Field Oven Test
8.11.5 Lightweight Deflectometer Test
8.11.6 BCD Test
8.12 Hydraulic Conductivity Field Tests
8.12.1 Borehole Tests
8.12.2 Cone Penetrometer Dissipation Test
8.12.3 Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometer Test
8.12.4 Two-Stage Borehole Permeameter Test
8.13 Offshore In Situ Tests
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 9 Elements of Geophysics
9.1 General
9.2 Seismic Techniques
9.2.1 Seismic Waves
9.2.2 Seismic Reflection
9.2.3 Seismic Refraction
9.2.4 Cross Hole Test, Seismic Cone Test, and Seismic Dilatometer Test
9.2.5 Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
9.3 Electrical Resistivity Techniques
9.3.1 Background on Electricity
9.3.2 Resistivity Tomography
9.4 Electromagnetic Methods
9.4.1 Electromagnetic Waves
9.4.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar
9.4.3 Time Domain Reflectometry
9.5 Remote Sensing Techniques
9.5.1 LIDAR
9.5.2 Satellite Imaging
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 10 Laboratory Tests
10.1 General
10.2 Measurements
10.2.1 Normal Stress or Pressure
10.2.2 Shear Stress
10.2.3 Water Compression Stress
10.2.4 Water Tension Stress
10.2.5 Normal Strain
10.2.6 Shear Strain
10.2.7 Bender Elements
10.3 Compaction Test: Dry Unit Weight
10.3.1 Saturated Soils
10.3.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.4 Compaction Test: Soil Modulus
10.4.1 Saturated Soils
10.4.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.5 Consolidation Test
10.5.1 Saturated Soils
10.5.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.6 Swell Test
10.6.1 Saturated Soils
10.6.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.7 Shrink Test
10.7.1 Saturated Soils
10.7.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.8 Collapse Test
10.8.1 Saturated Soils
10.8.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.9 Direct Shear Test
10.9.1 Saturated Soils
10.9.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.10 Simple Shear Test
10.10.1 Saturated Soils
10.10.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.11 Unconfined Compression Test
10.11.1 Saturated Soils
10.11.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.12 Triaxial Test
10.12.1 Saturated Soils
10.12.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.13 Resonant Column Test
10.13.1 Saturated Soils
10.13.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.14 Lab Vane Test
10.14.1 Saturated Soils
10.14.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.15 Soil Water Retention Curve (Soil Water Characteristic Curve) Test
10.15.1 Saturated Soils
10.15.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.16 Constant Head Permeameter Test
10.16.1 Saturated Soils
10.16.2 Unsaturated Soils
10.17 Falling Head Permeameter Test for Saturated Soils
10.18 Wetting Front Test for Unsaturated Soils
10.19 Air Permeability Test for Unsaturated Soils
10.20 Erosion Test
10.20.1 Saturated Soils
10.20.2 Unsaturated Soils
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 11 Stresses, Effective Stress, Water Stress, Air Stress, and Strains
11.1 General
11.2 Stress Vector, Normal Stress, Shear Stress, and Stress Tensor
11.3 Sign Convention for Stresses and Strains
11.4 Calculating Stresses on Any Plane: Equilibrium Equations for Two-Dimensional Analysis
11.5 Calculating Stresses on Any Plane: Mohr Circle for Two-Dimensional Analysis
11.6 Mohr Circle in Three Dimensions
11.7 Stress Invariants
11.8 Displacements
11.9 Normal Strain, Shear Strain, and Strain Tensor
11.10 Cylindrical Coordinates and Spherical Coordinates
11.11 Stress-Strain Curves
11.12 Stresses in the Three Soil Phases
11.13 Effective Stress (Unsaturated Soils)
11.14 Effective Stress (Saturated Soils)
11.15 Area Ratio Factors ? and ?
11.16 Water Stress Profiles
11.17 Water Tension and Suction
11.17.1 Matric Suction
11.17.2 Contractile Skin
11.17.3 Osmotic Suction
11.17.4 Relationship between Total Suction and Relative Humidity
11.17.5 Trees
11.18 Precision on Water Content and Water Tension
11.19 Stress Profile at Rest in Unsaturated Soils
11.20 Soil Water Retention Curve
11.21 Independent Stress State Variables
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 12 Problem-Solving Methods
12.1 General
12.2 Drawing to Scale as a First Step
12.3 Primary Laws
12.4 Continuum Mechanics Methods
12.4.1 Solving a Failure Problem: Limit Equilibrium, Method of Characteristics, Lower and Upper Bound Theorems
12.4.2 Examples of Solving a Failure Problem
12.4.3 Solving a Deformation Problem
12.4.4 Example of Solving a Deformation Problem
12.4.5 Solving a Flow Problem
12.4.6 Example of Solving a Flow Problem
12.5 Numerical Simulation Methods
12.5.1 Finite Difference Method
12.5.2 Examples of Finite Difference Solutions
12.5.3 Finite Element Method
12.5.4 Example of Finite Element Solution
12.5.5 Boundary Element Method
12.5.6 Discrete Element Method
12.6 Probability and Risk Analysis
12.6.1 Background
12.6.2 Procedure for Probability Approach
12.6.3 Risk and Acceptable Risk
12.6.4 Example of Probability Approach
12.7 Regression Analysis
12.8 Artificial Neural Network Method
12.9 Dimensional Analysis
12.9.1 Buckingham ? Theorem
12.9.2 Examples of Dimensional Analysis
12.10 Similitude Laws for Experimental Simulations
12.10.1 Similitude Laws
12.10.2 Example of Similitude Laws Application for a Scaled Model
12.10.3 Example of Similitude Laws Application for a Centrifuge Model
12.11 Types of Analyses (Drained-Undrained, Effective Stress-Total Stress, Short-Term-Long-Term)
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 13 Soil Constitutive Models
13.1 Elasticity
13.1.1 Elastic Model
13.1.2 Example of Use of Elastic Model
13.2 Linear Viscoelasticity
13.2.1 Simple Models: Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt Models
13.2.2 General Linear Viscoelasticity
13.3 Plasticity
13.3.1 Some Yield Functions and Yield Criteria
13.3.2 Example of Use of Yield Criteria
13.3.3 Plastic Potential Function and Flow Rule
13.3.4 Hardening or Softening Rule
13.3.5 Example of Application of Plasticity Method
13.4 Common Models
13.4.1 Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic Model
13.4.2 Modified Cam Clay Model
13.4.3 Barcelona Basic Model
13.4.4 Water Stress Predictions
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 14 Flow of Fluid and Gas Through Soils
14.1 General
14.2 Flow of Water in a Saturated Soil
14.2.1 Discharge Velocity, Seepage Velocity, and Conservation of Mass
14.2.2 Heads
14.2.3 Hydraulic Gradient
14.2.4 Darcy's Law: The Constitutive Law
14.2.5 Hydraulic Conductivity
14.2.6 Field vs. Lab Values of Hydraulic Conductivity
14.2.7 Seepage Force
14.2.8 Quick Sand Condition and Critical Hydraulic Gradient
14.2.9 Quick Clay
14.2.10 Sand Liquefaction
14.2.11 Two-Dimensional Flow Problem
14.2.12 Drawing a Flow Net for Homogeneous Soil
14.2.13 Properties of a Flow Net for Homogeneous Soil
14.2.14 Calculations Associated with Flow Nets
14.2.15 Flow Net for Hydraulically Anisotropic Soil
14.2.16 Flow and Flow Net for Layered Soils
14.3 Flow of Water and Air in Unsaturated Soil
14.3.1 Hydraulic Conductivity for Water and for Air
14.3.2 One-Dimensional Flow
14.3.3 Three-Dimensional Water Flow
14.3.4 Three-Dimensional Air Flow
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 15 Deformation Properties
15.1 Modulus of Deformation: General
15.2 Modulus: Which One?
15.3 Modulus: Influence of State Factors
15.4 Modulus: Influence of Loading Factor
15.5 Modulus: Differences Between Fields of Application
15.6 Modulus, Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, and Stiffness
15.7 Common Values of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio
15.8 Correlations with Other Tests
15.9 Modulus: A Comprehensive Model
15.10 Initial Tangent Modulus Go or Gmax
15.11 Reduction of Gmax with Strain: The G/Gmax Curve
15.12 Preconsolidation Pressure and Overconsolidation Ratio from Consolidation Test
15.13 Compression Index, Recompression Index, and Secondary Compression Index from Consolidation Test
15.14 Time Effect from Consolidation Test
15.15 Modulus, Time Effect, and Cyclic Effect from Pressuremeter Test
15.16 Resilient Modulus for Pavements
15.17 Unsaturated Soils: Effect of Drying and Wetting on the Modulus
15.18 Shrink-Swell Deformation Behavior, Shrink-Swell Modulus
15.19 Collapse Deformation Behavior
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 16 Shear Strength Properties
16.1 General
16.2 Basic Experiments
16.2.1 Experiment 1
16.2.2 Experiment 2
16.2.3 Experiment 3
16.2.4 Experiment 4
16.2.5 Experiment 5
16.2.6 Experiment 6
16.3 Stress-Strain Curve, Water Stress Response, and Stress Path
16.4 Shear Strength Envelope
16.4.1 General Case
16.4.2 The Case of Concrete
16.4.3 Overconsolidated Fine-Grained Soils
16.4.4 Coarse-Grained Soils
16.5 Unsaturated Soils
16.6 Experimental Determination of Shear Strength (Lab Tests, In Situ Tests)
166.7 Estimating Effective Stress Shear Strength Parameters
16.7.1 Coarse-Grained Soils
16.7.2 Fine-Grained Soils
16.8 Undrained Shear Strength of Saturated Fine-Grained Soils
16.8.1 Weak Soil Skeleton: Soft, Normally Consolidated Soils
16.8.2 Strong Soil Skeleton: Overconsolidated Soils
16.8.3 Rate of Loading Effect on the Undrained Strength
16.9 The Ratio and the SHANSEP Method
16.10 Undrained Shear Strength for Unsaturated Soils
16.11 Pore-Pressure Parameters A and B
16.12 Estimating Undrained Shear Strength Values
16.13 Residual Strength Parameters and Sensitivity
16.14 Strength Profiles
16.15 Types of Analyses
16.16 Transformation from Effective Stress Solution to Undrained Strength Solution
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 17 Thermodynamics for Soil Problems
17.1 General
17.2 Definitions
17.3 Constitutive and Fundamental Laws
17.4 Heat Conduction Theory
17.5 Axisymmetric Heat Propagation
17.6 Thermal Properties of Soils
17.7 Multilayer Systems
17.8 Applications
17.9 Frozen Soils
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 18 Shallow Foundations
18.1 Definitions
18.2 Case History
18.3 Definitions and Design Strategy
18.4 Limit States, Load and Resistance Factors, and Factor of Safety
18.5 General Behavior
18.6 Ultimate Bearing Capacity
18.6.1 Direct Strength Equations
18.6.2 Terzaghi's Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation
18.6.3 Layered Soils
18.6.4 Special Loading
18.6.5 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Unsaturated Soils
18.7 Load Settlement Curve Approach
18.8 Settlement
18.8.1 General Behavior
18.8.2 Elasticity Approach for Homogeneouss Soils
18.8.3 Elasticity Approach for Layered Soils
18.8.4 Chart Approach
18.8.5 General Approach
18.8.6 Zone of Influence
18.8.7 Stress Increase with Depth
18.8.8 Choosing a Stress-Strain Curve and Setting Up the Calculations
18.8.9 Consolidation Settlement: Magnitude
18.8.10 Consolidation Settlement: Time Rate
18.8.11 Creep Settlement
18.8.12 Bearing Pressure Values
18.9 Shrink-Swell Movement
18.9.1 Water Content or Water Tension vs. Strain Curve
18.9.2 Shrink-Swell Movement Calculation Methods
18.9.3 Step-by-Step Procedure
18.9.4 Case History
18.10 Foundations on Shrink-Swell Soils
18.10.1 Types of Foundations on Shrink-Swell Soils
18.10.2 Design Method for Stiffened Slabs on Grade
18.11 Tolerable Movements
18.12 Large Mat Foundations
18.12.1 General Principles
18.12.2 Example of Settlement Calculations
18.12.3 Two Case Histories
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 19 Deep Foundations
19.1 Different Types of Deep Foundations
19.2 Design Strategy
19.3 Pile Installation
19.3.1 Installation of Bored Piles
19.3.2 Nondestructive Testing of Bored Piles
19.3.3 Installation of Driven Piles
19.3.4 Pile Driving Formulas
19.3.5 Wave Propagation in a Pile
19.3.6 Wave Equation Analysis
19.3.7 Information from Pile Driving Measurements (PDA, Case, CAPWAP)
19.3.8 Suction Caissons
19.3.9 Load Testing (Static, Statnamic, Osterberg)
19.4 Vertical Load: Single Pile
19.4.1 Ultimate Vertical Capacity for a Single Pile
19.4.2 Miscellaneous Questions about the Ultimate Capacity of a Single Pile
19.4.3 Settlement of a Single Pile
19.5 Vertical Load: Pile Group
19.5.1 Ultimate Vertical Capacity of a Pile Group
19.5.2 Settlement of Pile Groups
19.6 Downdrag
19.6.1 Definition and Behavior
19.6.2 Downdrag on a Single Pile
19.6.3 Sample Downdrag Calculations
19.6.4 LRFD Provisions
19.6.5 Downdrag on a Group of Piles
19.7 Piles in Shrink-Swell Soils
19.7.1 The Soil Shrinks
19.7.2 The Soil Swells
19.8 Horizontal Load and Moment: Single Pile
19.8.1 Definitions and Behavior
19.8.2 Ultimate Capacity
19.8.3 Displacement and Maximum Moment: Long Flexible Pile
19.8.4 Displacement and Maximum Moment: Short Rigid Pile
19.8.5 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
19.8.6 Free-Head and Fixed-Head Conditions
19.8.7 Rate of Loading Effect
19.8.8 Cyclic Loading Effect
19.8.9 P-y Curve Approach
19.8.10 Horizontal Loading Next to a Trench
19.9 Horizontal Load and Moment: Pile Group
19.9.1 Overturning Moment
19.9.2 Ultimate Capacity
19.9.3 Movement
19.10 Combined Piled Raft Foundation
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 20 Slope Stability
20.1 General
20.2 Design Approach
20.3 Infinite Slopes
20.3.1 Dry Sand
20.3.2 Dry Soil
20.3.3 Soil with Seepage
20.3.4 Soil with Unsaturated Conditions
20.4 Seepage Force in Stability Analysis
20.5 Plane Surfaces
20.6 Block Analysis
20.7 Slopes with Water in Tensile Cracks
20.8 Chart Methods
20.8.1 Taylor Chart
20.8.2 Spencer Chart
20.8.3 Janbu Chart
20.8.4 Morgenstern Chart
20.9 Method of Slices
20.9.1 Ordinary Method of Slices
20.9.2 Bishop Simplified Method
20.9.3 Generalized Equilibrium Method
20.9.4 Critical Failure Circle
20.10 Water Stress for Slope Stability
20.10.1 Piezometric and Phreatic Surface
20.10.2 Water Stress Ratio Value
20.10.3 Grid of Water Stress Values
20.10.4 Water Stress Due to Loading
20.10.5 Seepage Analysis
20.11 Types of Analyses
20.12 Progressive Failure in Strain-Softening Soils
20.13 Shallow Slide Failures in Compacted Unsaturated Embankments
20.14 Reinforced Slopes
20.14.1 Reinforcement Type
20.14.2 Factor of Safety
20.15 Probabilistic Approach
20.15.1 Example 1
20.15.2 Example 2
20.15.3 Example 3
20.16 Three-Dimensional Circular Failure Analysis
20.17 Finite Element Analysis
20.18 Seismic Slope Analysis
20.18.1 Pseudostatic Method
20.18.2 Newmark's Displacement Method
20.18.3 Postearthquake Stability Analysis
20.18.4 Dynamic Finite Element Analysis
20.19 Monitoring
20.20 Repair Methods
20.20.1 Increase the Resisting Moment
20.20.2 Decrease the Driving Moment
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 21 Compaction
21.1 General
21.2 Compaction Laboratory Tests
21.3 Compaction Field Tests
21.4 Compaction and Soil Type
21.5 Intelligent Roller Compaction
21.5.1 Soil Modulus from Vibratory Rollers
21.5.2 Roller Measurements as Compaction Indices
21.6 Impact Roller Compaction
21.7 Dynamic or Drop-Weight Compaction
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 22 Retaining Walls
22.1 Different Types (Top-Down, Bottom-Up)
22.2 Active, At Rest, Passive Earth Pressure, and Associated Displacement
22.3 Earth Pressure Theories
22.3.1 Coulomb Earth Pressure Theory
22.3.2 Rankine Earth Pressure Theory
22.3.3 Earth Pressure Theory by Mohr Circle
22.3.4 Water in the Case of Compression Stress (Saturated)
22.3.5 Water in the Case of Tension Stress (Unsaturated or Saturated)
22.3.6 Influence of Surface Loading (Line Load, Pressure)
22.3.7 General Case and Earth Pressure Profiles
22.4 Special Case: Undrained Behavior of Fine-Grained Soils
22.5 At-Rest Earth Pressure
22.6 Earth Pressure Due to Compaction
22.7 Earth Pressures in Shrink-Swell Soils
22.8 Displacements
22.9 Gravity Walls
22.10 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
22.10.1 External Stability
22.10.2 Internal Stability
22.11 Cantilever Top-Down Walls
22.11.1 Depth of Embedment and Pressure Diagram
22.11.2 Displacement of the Wall, Bending Moment, and P-y Curves
22.12 Anchored Walls and Strutted Walls
22.12.1 Pressure Distribution
22.12.2 Pressure vs. Movement
22.12.3 Base Instability
22.12.4 Movement of Wall and Ground Surface
22.12.5 Anchors
22.12.6 Embedment Depth and Downdrag
22.12.7 P-y Curve Approach and FEM Approach
22.13 Soil Nail Walls
22.13.1 External Stability
22.13.2 Internal Stability
22.13.3 Wall Movement
22.13.4 Other Issues
22.14 Special Case: Trench
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 23 Earthquake Geoengineering
23.1 Background
23.2 Earthquake Magnitude
23.3 Wave Propagation
23.4 Dynamic Soil Properties
23.5 Ground Motion
23.6 Seismic Hazard Analysis
23.7 Ground Response Analysis
23.7.1 One-Dimensional Solution for Undamped Linear Soil on Rigid Rock
23.7.2 One-Dimensional Solution for Damped Linear Soil on Rigid Rock
23.7.3 Layered Soils
23.8 Design Parameters
23.8.1 Site Classes A-E for Different Soil Stiffness
23.8.2 Code-Based Spectrum
23.8.3 Hazard Levels
23.9 Liquefaction
23.9.1 Phenomenon
23.9.2 When to Do a Liquefaction Study?
23.9.3 When Can a Soil Liquefy?
23.10 Seismic Slope Stability
23.11 Seismic Design of Retaining Walls
23.11.1 Seismic Design of Gravity Walls
23.11.2 Water Pressures on Walls during Earthquake
23.11.3 Seismic Design of MSE Walls
23.11.4 Seismic Design of Cantilever Walls
23.11.5 Seismic Design of Anchored Walls
23.12 Seismic Design of Foundations
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 24 Erosion of Soils and Scour Problems
24.1 The Erosion Phenomenon
24.2 Erosion Models
24.3 Measuring the Erosion Function
24.4 Soil Erosion Categories
24.5 Rock Erosion
24.6 Water Velocity
24.7 Geometry of the Obstacle
24.8 Bridge Scour
24.8.1 Maximum Scour Depth (zmax) Analysis
24.8.2 Maximum Shear Stress at Soil-Water Boundary when Scour Begins
24.8.3 Final Scour Depth (zfinal) Analysis for Constant Velocity Flow and Uniform Soil
24.8.4 Final Scour Depth (zfinal) Analysis for a Velocity Hydrograph and Layered Soil
24.8.5 The Woodrow Wilson Bridge Case History
24.9 River Meandering
24.9.1 Predicting River Meandering
24.9.2 The Brazos River Meander Case History (Park 2007)
24.10 Levee Overtopping
24.10.1 General Methodology
24.10.2 Hurricane Katrina Levee Case History: New Orleans
24.11 Countermeasures for Erosion Protection
24.12 Internal Erosion of Earth Dams
24.12.1 The Phenomenon
24.12.2 Most Susceptible Soils
24.12.3 Criterion to Evaluate Internal Erosion Potential
24.12.4 Remedial Measures
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 25 Geoenvironmental Engineering
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Types of Wastes and Contaminants
25.3 Laws and Regulations
25.4 Geochemistry Background
25.4.1 Chemistry Background
25.4.2 Geochemistry Background
25.5 Contamination
25.5.1 Contamination Sources
25.5.2 Contamination Detection and Site Characterization
25.5.3 Contaminant Transport and Fate
25.6 Remediation
25.6.1 Risk Assessment and Strategy
25.6.2 In Situ Waste Containment
25.6.3 Soil Remediation
25.6.4 Groundwater Remediation
25.7 Landfills
25.7.1 Waste Properties
25.7.2 Regulations
25.7.3 Liners
25.7.4 Covers
25.7.5 Leachate Collection
25.7.6 Landfill Slopes
25.7.7 Gas Generation and Management
25.8 Future Considerations
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 26 Geosynthetics
26.1 General
26.2 Types of Geosynthetics
26.3 Properties of Geosynthetics
26.3.1 Properties of Geotextiles
26.3.2 Properties of Geomembranes
26.3.3 Properties of Geogrids
26.3.4 Properties of Geosynthetics Clay Liners
26.3.5 Properties of Geofoams
26.3.6 Properties of Geonets
26.4 Design for Separation
26.5 Design of Liners and Covers
26.6 Design for Reinforcement
26.6.1 Road Reinforcement
26.6.2 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Geosynthetic Walls
26.6.3 Reinforced Slopes
26.6.4 Reinforced Foundations and Embankments
26.7 Design for Filtration and Drainage
26.8 Design for Erosion Control
26.9 Other Design Applications
26.9.1 Lightweight Fills
26.9.2 Compressible Inclusions
26.9.3 Thermal Insulation
26.9.4 Geosynthetics and Landfill Slopes
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 27 Soil Improvement
27.1 Overview
27.2 Soil Improvement without Admixture in Coarse-Grained Soils
27.2.1 Compaction
27.2.2 Dynamic Compaction
27.2.3 Vibrocompaction
27.2.4 Other Methods
27.3 Soil Improvement without Admixture in Fine-Grained Soils
27.3.1 Displacement-Replacement
27.3.2 Preloading Using Fill
27.3.3 Prefabricated Vertical Drains and Preloading Using Fill
27.3.4 Preloading Using Vacuum
27.3.5 Electro-osmosis
27.3.6 Ground Freezing
27.3.7 Hydro-Blasting Compaction
27.4 Soil Improvement with Replacement
27.4.1 Stone Columns without Geosynthetic Sock
27.4.2 Stone Columns with Geosynthetic Encasement
27.4.3 Dynamic Replacement
27.5 Soil Improvement with Grouting and Admixtures
27.5.1 Particulate Grouting
27.5.2 Chemical Grouting
27.5.3 Jet Grouting
27.5.4 Compaction Grouting
27.5.5 Compensation Grouting
27.5.6 Mixing Method
27.5.7 Lime Treatment
27.5.8 Microbial Methods
27.6 Soil Improvement with Inclusions
27.6.1 Mechanically or Geosynthetically Stabilized Earth
27.6.2 Ground Anchors and Soil Nails
27.6.3 Geosynthetic Mat and Column-Supported Embankment
27.7 Selection of Soil Improvement Method
Problems and Solutions
CHAPTER 28 Technical Communications
28.1 General
28.2 E-Mails
28.3 Letters
28.4 Geotechnical Reports
28.5 Theses and Dissertations
28.6 Visual Aids for Reports
28.7 Phone Calls
28.8 Meetings
28.9 Presentations and PowerPoint Slides
28.10 Media Interaction
28.11 Ethical Behavior
28.12 Professional Societies
28.13 Rules for a Successful Career
References
Index
