Part I. Foundations of Aging
Chapter 1. Aging, Physical Health, and Physical Activity
Danielle R. Bouchard, PhD, CSEP-CEP, and Sarah Webb, BSKin, CSEP-CPT
Defining Aging
Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport
Common Conditions Associated With Aging
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 2. Aging Theories
Theodore C. Goldsmith, BS
Evolutionary Mechanics Theories
Simple Damage and Fundamental Limitation Theories
Evolutionary Nonprogrammed Aging Theories
Evolutionary Programmed Aging Theories
Programmed Versus Nonprogrammed Aging Controversy
Medical Implications of Aging Theories
Life Span Extension Research
Anti-Aging Medicine
Policy, Ethics, and Social Issues Regarding Aging Theories
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 3. Demographics Shift
Zachary Zimmer, PhD
History of Population Growth
Patterns of Population Ageing Today
Impact of Fertility Decline on Population Ageing
Impact of Mortality Decline on Population Ageing
The Compression of Morbidity
Summary
Review Questions
Part II. Physical Dimensions of Aging
Chapter 4. Body Composition and Age-Related Changes
Katherine Boisvert-Vigneault, MSc, and Isabelle J. Dionne, PhD
Measures of Changes in Body Composition
Fat-Free Mass
Bone Mass
Fat Mass
Co-Occurrence of Obesity, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis
Perspectives
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 5. Musculoskeletal Changes
Martin SEnEchal, PhD, CEP, and Brittany Rioux, MSc
Overview of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Strength and Power Losses With Aging
Muscle Fibers and Aging
Muscle Groups, Actions, and Aging
Demographic Differences and Aging
Muscle Power and Aging
Physiological Mechanisms of the Loss of Skeletal Muscle Strength
Physiological Mechanisms of the Loss of Skeletal Muscle Power
Resistance Training to Improve Skeletal Muscle, Strength, and Power
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 6. Cardiovascular Changes
Silvia Pogliaghi, MD, PhD, and Juan M. Murias, PhD
Anatomical Changes of the Heart and Vessels
Functional Changes of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Exercise Training
Future Directions
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 7. Pulmonary Changes
Joseph W. Duke, PhD, and Andrew T. Lovering, PhD
Resting Pulmonary Function With Healthy Aging
Ventilatory Responses to Exercise With Healthy Aging
Pulmonary Circulation, Blood Flow, and Gas Exchange
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 8. Endocrine System Changes
Anthony C. Hackney, PhD, DSc
Endocrine System Changes With Aging
Physical Activity, Lifestyle, and Endocrine System Function With Aging
Acute Exercise-Induced Hormone Responses in Older Adults
Further Research
Summary
Review Questions
Part III. Physical Implications of Aging
Chapter 9. Balance, Locomotion, and Falls
Debra J. Rose, PhD, FNAK
Age-Related Changes in Multiple Systems
Age-Associated Changes in Gait
Evaluating the Multiple Dimensions of Balance
Measuring Balance in Laboratory Settings
Measuring Balance in Clinical or Field Settings
Overview of the Gait Cycle
Measuring Gait in Clinical or Field Settings
Measuring Balance and Falls Self-Efficacy
Falling as a Result of Balance Failing
Designing Exercise Programs Aimed at Lowering Fall Incidence Rates
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 10. Motor Control
Eduardo Martinez-Valdes, PT, MSc, PhD, and Alessandro M. De Nunzio, B. Eng., MSc, PhD
Motor Learning
Neural Plasticity
Decline in Motor Skills Induced by Aging
The Role of Exercise in Improving Motor Function
Future Research
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 11. Physical Functions
Danielle R. Bouchard, PhD, CSEP-CEP, and Andrea Mayo, MSc
Defining Physical Function and Frailty
Consequences of Low Physical Function
Physical Function Associated With Aging
Measuring Physical Function
Measuring Frailty
Role of Physical Activity in Physical Function
Summary
Review Questions
Part IV. Exercise: A Powerful Prevention Tool
Chapter 12. Measurements of Exercise Specific to Older Adults
Kelliann K. Davis, PhD, FACSM, CCEP, and Daniel E. Forman, MD, FAHA, FACC
Clinical Perspectives
Pre-Exercise Screening and Considerations
Medication Considerations
Predictable Clinical Complexities Affecting Assessments
Exercise Testing
Balance and Gait Assessments
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 13. Barriers and Solutions to Exercise Adherence
Mariana Wingood, PT, DPT, and Nancy Gell, PT, PhD, MPH
Social Ecological Framework
Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults
Physical Activity Adherence Factors
Screening and Assessment Tools for Barriers and Facilitators
Interventions to Promote Physical Activity
Considerations for Common Practice Settings and Diagnoses Among Older Adults
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 14. Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Functional Health
Gregory W. Heath, DHSc, MPH, and Danielle R. Bouchard, PhD, CSEP-CEP
Physical Activity Recommendations for the General Population
Choice of Physical Activity and Exercise for Older Adults
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Function
Improvement of Functional Health With Chronic Conditions
Implementing Physical Activity for Older Adults
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 15. Exercise Recommendations for Masters Athletes
Nattai Borges, PhD, and Luke Del Vecchio, PhD
Masters Athletes
Physical Performance Benefits of Long-Term Systematic Training
Training Considerations for Masters Athletes
Endurance Performance and Age
Sprint Performance and Age
Strength and Power Performance and Age
Holistic Health Benefits of the Masters Athlete Lifestyle
Potential Negative Impacts of High-Level Training in Masters Sports
Summary
Review Questions
