Anatomy, histology and cytology; nonepithelial cells in the pap smear; hormonal cytology; infection and inflammation; proliferation, regeneration and atypia; cell morphology in cervical carcinogenesis; the precursor lesions; cervical squamous cell carcinoma; cervical adenocarcinoma; rare variants of cervical carcinoma; endometrial adenocarcinoma; other tumours and related lesions; iatrogenic lesions; optimal pap smear; papanicolaou staining method; thin plastic sections of cytobrush samples; onfocal imaging of the pap smear; mass cervical screening; computer-assisted cervical screening.
