Paediatric Pathology

1 Examination of the Fetus.- 1. History.- 2. Dimensions.- 3. Weights.- 4. Dating.- 5. Chronology of Early Pregnancy in Man.- 6. External Examination.- 7. Internal Examination.- 8. Abnormalities of Specific Systems.- 9. Blighted Ova.- 10. Some Normal Histological Appearances During Development.- 2 Placental and Abortion Pathology.- 1. General Comments.- 2. Handling of Tissues.- 3. Developmental Morphology.- 4. Post-mortem Placental Changes.- 5. Placental Pathology in Early Gestation.- 6. Placental Pathology in Late Gestation.- 3 Congenital Malformations.- 1. Genetics of Common Malformations.- 2. Chromosomal Abnormality and Malformations.- 3. Specific Human Teratogens.- 4. Infectious Causes of Abnormal Development.- 5. Antenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Abnormalities.- 4 Cardiac Pathology.- 1. Autopsy Technique.- 2. Segmental Analysis of the Heart.- 3. Congenital Heart Disease.- 4. Congenital Malformations of the Aorta.- 5. Congenital Malformations of the Central Pulmonary Arteries.- 6. 'Isolated' Congenital Abnormalities of Endo-, Myo-, and Pericardium.- 7. Congenital Heart Block.- 8. Complications of Congenital Heart Disease.- 9. Syndromes Commonly Associated with Cardiovascular Malformations.- 10. Cardiac Tumours.- 5 Central Nervous System.- 1. Development.- 2. Reactions to Injury in the Nervous System.- 3. Malformations.- 4. Deprivational and Toxic Lesions.- 5. Kernicterus.- 6. Vascular and Hypoxic Damage.- 7. Epilepsy.- 8. Trauma.- 9. Infections.- 10. Tumours.- 11. Hydrocephalus.- 6 Gastrointestinal System.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Facial and Oral Abnormalities.- 3. Salivary Glands.- 4. Oesophagus.- 5. Stomach.- 6. Duodenum.- 7. Pancreas.- 8. Small Bowel.- 9. Hirschsprung's Disease.- 10. Malformations of the Anus and Rectum.- 11. Polypoid Lesions of the Large Bowel.- 12. Appendix.- 13. Ulcerative Colitis.- 14. Crohn's Disease.- 15. Perforation of the Large Bowel.- 16. Hernias.- 17. Pneumatosis Intestinalis.- 18. Malignant Tumours.- 7 Liver and Gallbladder.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Anomalies of Position, Form, and Size.- 3. Physiological Neonatal Jaundice.- 4. Erythroblastosis Fetalis.- 5. Metabolic Defects.- 6. Cystic Disease.- 7. Liver Disease with Giant-cell Transformation and Cholestasis.- 8. Intravenous Alimentation.- 9. Infections.- 10. Fatty Degeneration.- 11. Reye's Syndrome.- 12. Kwashiorkor.- 13. Cirrhosis.- 14. Thalassaemia.- 15. Mucoviscidosis.- 16. Budd-Chiari Syndrome.- 17. Trauma.- 18. Tumours.- 19. Gallbladder.- 8 Respiratory System.- 1. Development.- 2. Nose and Nasopharynx.- 3. Larynx and Trachea.- 4. Lungs.- 5. Bronchial Lesions.- 6. Lung Involvement in Metabolic Diseases.- 7. Tumours.- 9 Diseases of the Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Congenital Anomalies.- 3. Cystic Disease of the Kidney.- 4. Renal Diseases Principally Affecting the Glomeruli.- 5. Renal Vascular Disease.- 6. Renal Infection.- 7. Urolithiasis.- 8. Hereditary Abnormalities of Renal Tubular Transport.- 9. Renal Tumours.- 10. Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Bladder and Urethra-Embryology.- 11. Renal Pelvis and Ureter.- 12. Bladder.- 13. Urethra.- 14. Disorders of Differentiation of the Genital Tract.- 10 Diseases of Bones and Joints.- 1. Normal Development of the Skeletal System.- 2. Abnormal Development.- 3. Skeletal Abnormalities Developed Later in Childhood or Adolescence.- 4. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Fragilitas Ossium).- 5. Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg Disease; Marble Bone Disease).- 6. Inborn Errors of Metabolism.- 7. Metabolic Disorders Related to Bones.- 8. Endocrine Disorders and the Skeleton.- 9. Skeletal Changes in Haematological Disorders.- 10. Chronic Polyarthritis.- 11. Infections of Bones and Joints.- 12. Tumours and Tumour-like Conditions.- 11 Muscle and Peripheral Nerve.- 1. Muscle Biopsy Techniques.- 2. Histological Features of Neuromuscular Disease.- 3. Classification of Neuromuscular Disorders.- 4. Myopathic Disorders.- 5. Neurogenic Disorders.- 6. Diseases of Peripheral Nerve.- 12 Spleen, Lymph Nodes and Immunoreactive Tissues.- 1. Embryogenesis and Development.- 2. Fetal Immunoreactivity.- 3 Immune-deficiency States.- 4. Other Diseases of the Thymus.- 5. Anatomical Abnormalities of the Spleen.- 6. Effects of Splenectomy.- 7. Cysts.- 8. Storage Disorders.- 9. Histiocytosis X.- 10. Leukaemia.- 11. Malignant Lymphomas.- 13 Endocrine Pathology in Paediatrics.- 1. Adrenal Cortex.- 2. Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia.- 3. Pancreatic Islets.- 4. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome.- 5. Parathyroid Glands.- 6. Pituitary.- 7. Thyroid.- 8. Hormonal Effects of Gonadal Tumours.- 9. Ectopic Hormone Syndromes Associated with Tumours.- 14 Metabolic Disorders: General Considerations.- 1. Blood-film Examination.- 2. Bone-marrow Examination.- 3. Urine Examination.- 4. Neuronal Storage Disease: Diagnosis by Rectal Biopsy.- 5. Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD).- 6. Other Tissues and Techniques.- 15 Embryonic Tumours of Children.- 1. Aetiology.- 2. Retinoblastoma.- 3. Neuroblastoma.- 4. Medulloblastoma.- 5. Nephroblastoma.- 6. Rhabdomyosarcoma.- 7. Hepatoblastoma.- 8. Teratomas.- 9. Second Malignant Neoplasms in Children Surviving Embryonic Neoplasms.- 16 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Nonaccidental Injury.- A. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.- 1. Epidemiology.- 2. Necropsy Technique.- 3. Necropsy Findings.- 4. Pathogenesis.- B. Nonaccidental Injury.- 1. Necropsy Examination.- 2. Pathological Findings.- 3. Dietary Abuse.