Preface ix
1 Introduction to the Study of Speech Sound Disorders 1
by Nicholas W. Bankson, John E. Bernthal, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
An Evolving Area of Practice 1
A Working Framework 2
The Scope of the Problem 3
The Cause of the Problem 4
The Importance of the Problem 5
Approaching the Problem with Evidence 5
2 Normal Aspects of Articulation 7
by Ray Kent
Structure of Language 7
Fundamentals of Articulatory Phonetics 11
Coarticulation: Interactions Among Sounds in Context 36
Aerodynamic Considerations in Speech Production 40
Acoustic Considerations of Speech 42
Sensory Information in Speech Production 44
Summary of Levels of Organization of Speech 44
Concluding Note on Implications for Speech Acquisition 46
Questions for Chapter 2 48
3 Speech Sound Acquisition 49
by Sharynne McLeod
Relevance of Understanding Typical Speech Sound Acquisition for SLPS 49
Models of Speech Acquisition 50
How Speech Acquisition Data Are Obtained 59
Overall Sequence of Speech Sound Acquisition 64
Phase 1: Laying the Foundations for Speech 65
Phase 2: Transitioning from Words to Speech 70
Phase 3: The Growth of the Inventory 72
Phase 4: Mastery of Speech and Literacy 87
Factors Influencing Typical Acquisition of Speech 89
Conclusion: Understanding and Applying Typical Speech Acquisition 91
Questions for Chapter 3 92
4 Factors Related to Speech Sound Disorders 93
by Peter Flipsen Jr., Nicholas W. Bankson, and John E. Bernthal
Structure and Function of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism 93
Motor Abilities 105
Cognitive-Linguistic Factors 111
Psychosocial Factors 116
Conclusion 121
Questions for Chapter 4 122
5 Classification and Comorbidity in Speech Sound Disorders 123
by Peter Flipsen Jr., John E. Bernthal, and Nicholas W. Bankson
Organically Based Speech Sound Disorders 123
Childhood Apraxia of Speech 132
Speech Sound Disorders of Unknown Origin 136
Comorbidity 144
Conclusion 149
Questions for Chapter 5 149
6 Assessment: Data Collection 150
by Nicholas W. Bankson, John E. Bernthal, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
Speech Sound Sampling 150
Screening for Speech Sound Disorders 151
Comprehensive Speech Sound Assessment: The Assessment Battery 153
Assessment in Very Young Children 166
Related Assessment Procedures 168
Conclusion 175
Questions for Chapter 6 175
7 Assessment: Decision Making 176
by John E. Bernthal, Nicholas W. Bankson, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
Case Selection 176
The Nature of the Problem 188
Target Selection 190
Other Factors to Consider in Intervention Decisions 194
Computer-Assisted Phonological Analysis 195
Case Study: Assessment Data 196
Conclusion 200
Questions for Chapter 7 200
8 The Basics of Remediation and Evidence-Based Practice 201
by Nicholas W. Bankson, John E. Bernthal, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
Basic Remediation Considerations 201
Facilitating Generalization 206
Dismissal from Instruction 213
Some Basics of Evidence-Based Practice 215
Conclusion 222
Questions for Chapter 8 222
9 Motor-Based Treatment Approaches 223
by Peter Flipsen Jr., John E. Bernthal, and Nicholas W. Bankson
Approaches to Intervention 223
Treatment Continuum 224
Motor Learning Principles 225
Optimizing Learning: The Challenge Point Framework 227
Teaching Sounds/Establishment 228
Beyond Individual Sounds 235
Core Vocabulary Approach 242
The Use of Nonspeech Oral-Motor Activities 243
Childhood Apraxia of Speech 244
Treating Older Children and Adolescents 252
Case Study Revisited: Motor Perspective 257
Questions for Chapter 9 258
10 Linguistically Based Treatment Approaches 259
by Peter Flipsen Jr., Nicholas W. Bankson, and John E. Bernthal
Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy 260
Cycles Phonological Pattern Approach (CPPA) 266
Broader-Based Language Approaches 269
Remediation Guidelines for Linguistically Based Approaches 273
Case Study Revisited: Linguistic Perspective 274
Questions for Chapter 10 276
11 Language and Dialectal Variations 277
by Brian A. Goldstein and Aquiles Iglesias
Dialect 277
Characteristics of American English Dialects 279
Phonology in Speakers of Language Varieties Other Than English 285
Phonological Development in Bilingual Children 292
Assessment Considerations for Children from Culturally and Linguistically
Diverse Populations 294
Intervention for Speech Sound Disorders in Children from Culturally and
Linguistically Diverse Populations 296
Summary 299
Questions for Chapter 11 300
12 Phonological Awareness: Description, Assessment, and Intervention 302
by Brigid C. McNeill, Laura M. Justice, Gail T. Gillon, and C. Melanie Schuele
What Is Phonological Awareness? 302
Phonological Awareness as Literacy Development 304
The Development of Phonological Awareness 305
Phonological Awareness Development and Reading 307
Phonological Awareness and Speech Sound Disorders 309
The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist 311
Assessment 312
Intervention 316
Phonological Awareness Experiences for Preschool Children 319
Promoting Phonological Awareness in School-Age Children with Speech Sound Disorders 320
Questions for Chapter 12 324
Appendix A: Procedures for Teaching Sounds 325
Appendix B: Activities for Facilitating Phonemic Awareness in School-Aged Children 329
Appendix C: Accent Modification 331
References 334
Index 369
