Contents
Preface?
Glossary?
Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms and Concepts??
Communication, Speech, and Language
Subdivisions of Language ?
Articulation and Speech Sounds: Phonology and Phonemes
Articulation Disorders versus Phonological Disorders
Summary??
Case Study??
Think Critically??
Test Yourself
Websites??
Further Readings?
Chapter 2 Phonetics - Articulatory Phonetics??
Phonetics: Definitions and Classification
Vowels versus Consonants??
American English Vowels??
American English Consonants??
Sounds in Context: Coarticulation and Assimilation??
Syllable Structure??
Summary?
Case Study??
Think Critically??
Test Yourself?
Websites??
Further Readings?
Chapter 3 Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics??
Phonetic Transcription as a Notational System??
Why Use Phonetic Transcription???
Diacritics??
Diacritics Used with Consonants??
Diacritics Used with Vowels??
Diacritics for Stress, Duration, and Syllable Boundaries??
Clinical Implications??
Summary?
Case Study
Think Critically?
Test Yourself??
Websites?
Further Readings?
Chapter 4 Normal Phonological Development??
Aspects of Structural and Functional Development??
Aspects of Perceptual Development??
Prelinguistic Stages: Before the First Words??
Vocoids??
Contoids??
Syllable Shapes??
Babbling and Its Relationship to Later Language Development
Prosodic Feature Development??
Transition from Babbling to First Words??
The First Fifty Words??
Segmental Form Development??
Prosodic Feature Development??
The Preschool Child??
Segmental Form Development: Vowels??
Segmental Form Development: Consonants??
Phonological Processes??
Prosodic Feature Development
English as a Second Language: Considerations for Phonological Development in Children
The School-Age Child??
Segmental Form Development??
Phonological Awareness, Emerging Literacy, and Phonological Disorders??
Prosodic Feature Development??
Summary
Case Study?
Think Critically??
Test Yourself??
Websites?
Further Readings
Chapter 5 Appraisal: Collection of Data??
Evaluation by the Clinician??
Initial Impression??
Articulation Tests??
Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Articulation Tests??
Factors to Consider When Selecting a Measure of Articulation
Assessment Procedures to Supplement Articulation Tests??
Organizing Articulation Test Results: Describing the Error??
Stimulability Testing??
Spontaneous Speech Sample??
Organizing the Continuous Speech Sample??
Evaluation of the Speech Mechanism??
What to Look for When Evaluating the Speech Mechanism??
Selection of Additional Assessment Measures??
Hearing Screening??
Language Testing??
Specific Auditory Perceptual Testing??
Cognitive Appraisal??
Special Considerations??
The Child with Emerging Phonology??
The Unintelligible Child??
Summary of the Data??
Summary?
Case Study??
Think Critically?
Test Yourself?
Websites?
Further Readings
Appendix 6.1: Speech-Motor Assessment Screening Form
??
Chapter 6 Dialects and English as a Second Language
Dialects
Regional Dialects
Ethnicity
African American Vernacular English
The Speaker of English as a Second Language
Spanish American English
Vietnamese American English
Cantonese American English
Hmong American English
Korean American English
Arabic American English
Implications for Appraisal
Summary?
Case Study??
Think Critically?
Test Yourself
Websites??
Further Readings
Chapter 7 Diagnosis: Articulation versus Phonological Emphasis??
Preliminary Analysis: Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds
Using a Matrix to Examine the Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds??
Phonemic Contrasts: Differentiating Articulation from Phonological Disorders??
Decision Making: Primarily Articulatory Difficulties??
Guidelines for Beginning Therapy: Phonetic Disorder??
Decision Making: Primarily Phonological Difficulties??
Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds??
Syllable Shapes and Constraints??
Phonological Contrasts??
Phonological Error Patterns??
Measures of Intelligibility and Severity??
Measures of Intelligibility??
Measures of Severity??
Summary?
Case Study?
Think Critically??
Test Yourself?
Websites
Further Readings
Appendix 8.1: Single-Word Responses to Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation for Child H. H.
Appendix 8.2: Preliminary Matrix for Recording Utterances
Appendix 8.3: Matrix for Recording Phones According to Pre-, Inter-, and Postvocalic Word Positions for Child H. H.
Appendix 8.4: Overall Inventory of Phones for Child H. H.
Appendix 8.5: Proportional Occurrence of Consonant Phonemes in First-Grade, Third-Grade, and Fifth-Grade Children's Speech?
Chapter 8 Therapy for Articulation Errors??
Decision Making: When to Use a Phonetic Approach??
Articulation Errors??
Decision Making: A Phonetic Approach with Phonological Disorders ?
Therapy Sequence??
General Overview of Therapy Progression??
Individual Sound Errors??
Misarticulations of [s] and [z]??
Phonetic Description??
Linguistic Function??
Initial Remarks??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Misarticulations of [?] and [?]??
Phonetic Description??
Linguistic Function??
Initial Remarks??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Misarticulations of [k] and [g]??
Phonetic Description??
Linguistic Function??
Initial Remarks??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Misarticulations of [l]??
Phonetic Description??
Linguistic Function??
Initial Remarks??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Misarticulations of [r] and the Central Vowels with R-Coloring??
Phonetic Description??
Linguistic Function??
Initial Remarks??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Misarticulations of [?] and [?]??
Phonetic Description??
Linguistic Function??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Misarticulations of [f] and [v]??
Phonetic Description??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Affricate Problems??
Phonetic Description??
Types of Misarticulation??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Voicing Problems??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Consonant Cluster Problems??
Therapeutic Suggestions??
Coarticulatory Conditions??
Summary??
Case Study??
Think Critically?
Test Yourself??
Websites?
Further Readings
Chapter 9 Treatment of Phonemic Errors??
Treatment Principles??
Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy??
Minimal Opposition Contrast Therapy??
Maximal Oppositions Approach
Evolution of Maximal Oppositions: The Complexity Approach??
Multiple Oppositions Approach??
Phonological Process Therapy??
Cycles Training??
Metaphon Therapy: A Phonological Awareness Approach??
Phonological Disorders with Concurrent Language Problems: Therapeutic Suggestions??
Connecting Phonology to Morphosyntax: Morphosyntax Intervention??
Connecting Phonology to Semantics: Vocabulary Intervention??
The Child with an Emerging Phonological System: Therapeutic Suggestions??
Combining Phonology with Semantics: Developing a Lexicon?
Treatment of Multiple Vowel Errors??
The Child with a Very Limited Vowel Inventory: Therapeutic Suggestions??
The Child with a High Proportion of Vowel Substitutions: Therapeutic Suggestions??
Summary??
Case Study??
Think Critically??
Test Yourself?
Websites??
Further Readings
Chapter 10 Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications??
Phonology??
What Is Phonology???
How Does Phonology Work???
How Did the Concept of the Phoneme Develop???
Speech Sound versus Phoneme: Clinical Application??
Distinctive Feature Theories??
What Are Distinctive Features???
How Do Distinctive Features Work???
How Did Distinctive Feature Theories Develop???
Distinctive Feature Theories: Clinical Application??
Generative Phonology??
What Is Generative Phonology???
How Does Generative Phonology Work???
How Did Generative Phonology Develop???
Distinctive Features and Generative Phonology: Clinical Application??
Natural Phonology??
What Is Natural Phonology???
How Does Natural Phonology Work???
Phonological Processes??
How Did Natural Phonology Develop???
Natural Phonology: Clinical Application??
Linear versus Nonlinear Phonologies??
What Are Linear and Nonlinear Phonologies???
How Do Nonlinear Phonologies Work???
How Did Nonlinear Phonology Develop???
Nonlinear Phonologies: Clinical Implications??
Summary??
Case Study?
Think Critically??
Test Yourself??
Websites?
Further Readings?
Appendix 4.1??
Chapter 11 Articulatory/Phonological Disorders in Selected Populations??
Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Disorder of Speech Motor Control??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Clefting: Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Mental Disability??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Hearing Impairment??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Motor Speech Disorders: Acquired Apraxia of Speech??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Motor Speech Disorders: The Dysarthrias??
Definition and General Features??
Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics??
Clinical Implications: Diagnostics??
Clinical Implications: Therapeutics??
Summary??
Case Study??
Think Critically??
Test Yourself??
Websites??
Further Readings
References??
Author Index??
Subject Index
